Muslim Night Essay Example for Free

Muslim Night Essay An event called ‘Muslim Night’ was held on Saturday, May 7, at MLIC 3rd Floor, IUJ. This annual event starting from 7 pm was initiated and implemented by Muslim Student Association (MSA). Some of students at IUJ come from Muslim countries; they are from Soth East countries : Indonesia and Malaysia; Middle East : Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan; South Asia : Bangladesh, Pakistan; and Africa Sudan. Those countries have a value or culture influenced by Islam. Entitled ‘Muslim heritage in our world’, the event is expected to be cross-cultural understanding and value sharing for Muslim. Muslim culture has many heritages to the world, especially some inventions that still used till today. The inventions are from many aspects such as economy, science, engineer,etc. A short opening speech was delivered by Professor Ahmed. He said that more than 3 billion people in the world hold Islam. â€Å"This contributes significant influence to enrich world culture† added he. Islamic values cannot be separated from the way of Muslim life. Islam which means submission brings peaceful to any human beings. This is reflected from Islamic greeting ‘Assalamual’aikum’ which means to give peace upon to the addressee. The President of MSA – Nur Adib Najamuddin in this occasion said that †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (mohon diisi ya mas, maaf waktu saya lagi moto di luar) President of IUJ, Masakatsu Mori through his email is welcome this event. However, he was absent due to his scheduled appointments in Tokyo. This event is open for all IUJ’s community. More than 250 participants student, staff, and faculty members were joining in. Much information about Islamic values and culture are available in the form of booklet and poster. Nasheed song describing Islamic culture was heard during the event. The Muslim Night 2011 provided some activities such as (1) a short movie presentation with the title â€Å"1001 Inventions and the Library of Secrets’ which tells about pioneering scientists and engineers from the history of Muslim civilization, such as Al Zahrawi, Al Jazari, and others. The film starred by Sir Ben Kinsley has won Cannes Festival France 2010 for best educational film and New York Film Festival 2010 as the best movie. (2) Islamic corner provided a free writing name in Arabic calligraphy for the participants and it was recorded that almost 200 participants wanted to be written their name in Arabic, (3) and ethnic food and drinks from various Muslim countries, such as South East Asia, Middle Asia, and South Asia.

Justify the use of IT for this problem compared to other methods Essay Example for Free

Justify the use of IT for this problem compared to other methods Essay In my opinion I feel that IT would be most appropriate for this problem. I can justify this by using an example such as; if a large corporate company that have millions of bills to produce all the time and used the manual approach, they would be paying out more money than they are making. This would mean they would have to charge the customer more for their services and some customers may not feel satisfied with the prices, and this may cause them to end their contract with the company. I do think that the total cost for hardware, software and their maintenance can seem overwhelming, however once these costs have been taken care of the company can produce millions of bills quickly and efficiently, saving time and money. The cost of initially training staff may also seem like a lot of money, however once the staff have been trained they will have the knowledge for a long-time and so the company wont have to keep paying out for new staff to learn special skills. However, if someone wanted to produce one bill buy a whole new computer system with new hardware and software wouldnt really justify the cause. Producing 1000 letters by hand would be ridiculous because using this method to solve this type of problem would only cause inconvenience and further problems. The best way to deal with this problem would be to use IT, using IT would quicker and more economical. And if all the letters had the same framework and only a few details needed to be changed each time one could use something like a mail merge system. However, when producing only one letter it is better to do it by hand rather than investing in a whole new computer system. When using the IT approach to the situation of producing many bills, it has many advantages one of the most important ones in my opinion is security. If the system is done by hand, anyone has easy access to the personal details of any customer, these details are very confidential. However, when everything is done with a computer system the security is increased and additional passwords and precautions can be taken if required which are usually needed when working with a huge-communication company. Would the use of IT in expert hands have produced better results than those you produced? In my opinion, I feel that if this particular dilemma was placed in the hands of an IT expert they would have handled it different to the way I have. Firstly I think they would have solved the whole Is the use of latest technology always an improvement? (Try to give examples in IT where the latest technology has been helpful in achieving results and also where there have been problems using latest technology. Draw some sort of conclusion.)

Factors Affecting Wheat Growth And Yield Environmental Sciences Essay

Factors Affecting Wheat Growth And Yield Environmental Sciences Essay Continuous use of inorganic fertilizers affects the soil structure and cause environmental pollutions. Sustainable  agriculture  is one that produces abundant food without depleting the earths resources or polluting its environment. Organic farming provides several benefits to the growers. It reduces production cost and it is an environmentally friendly method of cultivation. Addition of organic fertilizers improves soil structure and enhances activities of useful soil organisms. Agricultural commodities resulted from organic cultivation are good for human health. Organic farming system includes semi organic farming system (low external input) as one alternative for sustainable agriculture. This study will be conducted to evaluate the growth and yield of wheat as affected by integrated nutrients (Organic FYM + Inorganic NPK) and drought stress. In the experiment wheat cultivar (sehar-2006) will be sown in field plots. Treatments included 50% FYM + 50% Inorganic (NPK); 75% FYM + 2 5% Inorganic (NPK); 100% FYM; 100% Inorganic (NPK) will be applied. The field plots maintained at 25mm, 50mm and 75mm water deficit; while recommended dose of both organic and inorganic nutrients applied will be maintained as control. The experiment will be conducted following randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement and three replications. During the course of investigation, observations on stand establishment, morphological traits, yield related traits will be recorded following standard procedures. Data will be analyzed by analysis of variance technique using the computer statistical program MSTAT-C. Agriculture remains the key sector for the economic development for most developing countries. It is critically important for ensuring food security, alleviating poverty and conserving the vital natural resources that the worlds present and future generations will be entirely dependent upon for their survival and well-being (Rothschild, 1998). Use of chemical fertilizers alone does not sustain productivity under continuous intensive cropping, whereas inclusion of organic materials improves physical soil properties (Benbi et al., 1998), builds up soil fertility and increases crop yield (Yaduvanshi, 2003). Continuous usage of inorganic fertilizer affects soil structure. Hence, organic manures can serve as alternative to mineral fertilizers as reported by Naeem et al. (2006) for improving soil structure (Dauda et al., 2008) and microbial biomass (Suresh et al., 2004). Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important cereal crops; about 21% of the worlds food depends on the wheat crop, which grows on 200 million hectares of farmland worldwide (http://www.fao.org). The synthetic fertilizers are harmful for soil and aerial environment, because the inorganic fertilizers mainly contain major nutrients NPK in large quantities and are neglecting the use of organic manures and biofertilizers and hence have paved the way for deterioration of soil health and in turn ill-effects on plants, human being and livestock (Choudhry, 2005). Most of the soil applied fertilizers (nitrogenous), leach down below the root zone or into the ground water, which pollute the ground water causing diseases mainly Methemoglobinemia (Choudhry, 2005). As the world water supply is declining, drought is also threatening the world food security. Drought-induced yield losses perhaps exceed the loss from all other causes, as both severity and duration of stress are critical (Farooq et al., 2009a). Drought stress reduces crop growth rate and yield regardless of the growth stage at which it occurs in arable crops (Siddique et al., 2000; Atteya, 2003). The efficient and sustainable cycling of nutrients in an agro-ecosystem can improve crop performance, but achieving this goal is an important challenge for modern agriculture (Cassman, 1999). In order to develop the high intensive agriculture, more chemical fertilizers are applied to the soil that results in soil degeneration and environment deterioration. Application of organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer is an important approach to maintaining and improving the soil fertility, and increasing fertilizer use efficiency. Hence it is very useful to study the effect of application of organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer on the nutrient absorption, soil fertility change, and reduction of fertilizer loss, which have been the research focuses all over the world (Reganold, 1995; Conacher J and Conacher A, 1998; Liu et al., 1996). Application of organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer could maintain the soil nutrients balance amend soil physical and chemical properties, increase the soil organic matter and nutrient availability, decrease fertilizer loss rate, and then enhance soil fertility and ecosystem productivity (Conacher J and Conacher A, 1998; Zhou and Yang, 1992; He and Wang, 1989). Though role of farmyard manure integrated with inorganic fertilizers under drought stress condition in wheat need to be explored according to present need of sustainable farming system. It is hypothesized that integrated nutrients application of farmyard manure and inorganic nutrients may help improve resistance in wheat against drought and increase yield. V. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Cereals are an important dietary protein source throughout the world, because they constitute the main protein and energy supply in most countries (Bos et al., 2005). Wheat is one of the major cereal crops with a unique protein, which is consumed by humans and is grown around the world in diverse environments. Wheat is the worlds second most important cereal crop and an important component of the human diet, particularly in developing countries (Salekdeh Komatsu, 2007). The use of chemical fertilizers has been increased worldwide for cereal production (Abril et al., 2007) due to availability of inexpensive fertilizers (Graham and Vance, 2000). The continued use of chemical fertilizers causes health and environmental hazards such as ground and surface water pollution by nitrate leaching (Pimentel, 1996). So, reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizers applied to the field without a nitrogen deficiency will be the main challenge in field management. The primary function of soil productivity and fertility restoration through fallow is less effective since intensive cropping is now more common. The use of inorganic fertilizers alone has not been helpful under intensive agriculture because it aggravates soil degradation (Sharma and Mittra, 1991. It is well known that soil fertility is usually re ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ected by the status of soil nutrients and water together in an integrated system (Zheng et al., 2002). The quantity of soil organic matter depends on the quantity of organic material which can be introduced into the soil either by natural returns through roots, stubbles, sloughed-off root nodules and root exudates or by artificial application in the form of organic manure which can otherwise be called organic fertilizer (Agboola and Omueti, 1982). In the current scenario of water scarcity, droughts during the main cropping season in tropical and subtropical regions are thought to become more likely in the near future, and will have dangerous effects on human societies (Funk et al., 2008, Lobell et al., 2008). The drop in precipitation of up to 10% in South Asia by 2030, accompanied by decreases in rice and wheat yields of about 5% (Lobell et al., 2008). In a recent meeting at Stanford University, a group of experts including crop scientists from seed companies concluded as part of their recommendations that particularly for managing moisture stress in rain-fed systems, agronomy may well offer even greater potential bene ¬Ã‚ ts than improved crop varieties (Lobell, 2009). De ¬Ã‚ cits of soil water often have substantially negative impacts on the growth and development of major crops such as spring wheat (Lecoeur and Sinclair, 1996; Asseng et al., 1998). However, crop yields are not necessarily decreased with a moderate l evel of water de ¬Ã‚ cit under irrigation conditions (Zhang et al., 1998). Addition of farmyard manure with half the recommended mineral N produced wheat yield similar to that produced by the full recommended dose of mineral N (Ahmad et al., 2002). Cultivation with and without organic and inorganic sources of nutrients applied differently for a long period may have an impact on the regeneration and rejuvenation of soil structure (Sharma and Bhushan, 2001). Increased utilization of organic soil amendments as a nutrient source for plant production would therefore deliver both agronomic and environmental bene ¬Ã‚ ts (Stockdale et al., 2002). Wheat grains have lower protein content (Gooding et al., 1993; Poutala et al., 1994; Woese et al., 1997) and a smaller loaf volume (Dlouhy, 1981) for bread made from organically grown wheat compared with conventionally grown wheat. The application of farmyard manure meets N requirement provides micronutrients and modifies soil physical behavior (Larson and Clapp, 1984) and thus favours wheat production. Moreover, use of farmyard manure not only acts as a source of N and other nutrients but also increases the efficiency of applied nitrogen (Sarvanan et al., 1987). Organic matter determines the fertility and nutrient status of a soil. Most of the tropical and sub-tropical regions including Pakistan are deficient in organic matter. The maintenance of soil organic matter around 2.5 to 3.0 % is desirable for satisfactory crop production. A good soil should have organic matter content of about 2.5% (BARC 1997). Use of judicious combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer is very important for tropical country (Khan et al., 1986) like Pakistan; this will ultimately economize fertilizer use and maintain soil productivity and grain quality. Positive effects of organic waste on soil structure, aggregate stability and water holding capacity were reported in several studies (Jedidi et al., 2004; Odlare et al., 2008; Shen and Shen 2001; Wells et al., 2000). Furthermore, organic manure has a high nutritional value, with high concentrations of especially nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, while the contamination by heavy metals and other toxic substances are very low (Asghar et al. 2006). Previous studies showed that the combination of organic manure with chemical fertilizer further enhanced the biomass and grain yield of crops (Sarwar et al., 2007; Sarwar et al., 2008; Cheuk et al., 2003). Furthermore, positive changes have been reported in the quality of wheat flour, because of increasing the amount of gluten after organic manure treatment (Gopinath et al., 2008). The above review concludes that organic nutrients (farmyard manure) integrated with inorganic fertilizers may be employed to increase the yield of wheat and make them ready for future water stress conditions. VI. MATERIALS AND METHODS General details The proposed study will be conducted in Agronomic Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. While the analytical work will be done in Agro Climatology lab, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The experiment will be laid out in RCBD split plot design with three replications. Well rotten Farm Yard Manure (FYM) will be collected from livestock and dairy Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad while inorganic fertilizer sources Urea , DAP and SOP for Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium respectively will be collected from Agronomy Farm, University of Agriculture. Experiment: Growth and Yield of wheat as affected by different levels of integrated nutrients and irrigation. Seed of wheat cultivar Sehar-2006 will be sown in plots (1.5m x 6m) in open field conditions. At sowing time integrated nutrients 50% FYM + 50% Inorganic (NPK); 75% FYM + 25% Inorganic (NPK); 100% FYM; 100% Inorganic (NPK) will be applied. The plots maintained at 25mm, 50mm and 75mm water deficit, while recommended dose of both organic and inorganic nutrients applied will be maintained as control. The experiment will be finally harvested at maturity. Observations Data on following observations will be recorded during the course of experimentation. A. Stand establishment 1. Time to start germination (days) 2. Germination index 3. Mean germination time (days) 4. Time for 50% germination (days) 5. Final germination percentage (%) B. Morphological traits 1. Plant height (cm) 2. Plant fresh weight (g) 3. Plant dry weight (g) 4. Leaf area (cm2) 5. Number of tillers 6. Total dry matter 7. Crop growth rate (g m-2 d-1) 8. Leaf growth rate (g m-2 d-1) C. Yield related traits 1. Number of fertile tillers 2. Spike length (cm) 3. Number of spikelets per spike 4. Number of grains per spike 5. 100-grains weight (g) 6. Biological yield (g/pot) 7. Grain yield (g/pot) 8. Harvest index (%) Statistical analysis Data collected on all parameters will be analyzed statistically by using Fishers Analysis of Variance Technique and least significantly difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level will be applied to compare the treatments means (Steel et al., 1997) using the computer statistical program MSTATC. VII. REFERENCES Rothschild, M., 1998. The Butterfly Gardeners by Miriam Rothschild and elive farell, Great Britain, pp128-130. Benbi, D.K., Biswas, C.R., Bawa, S.S., Kumar, K., 1998. In ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence of farmyard manure, inorganic fertilizers and weed control practices on some soil physical properties in a long-term experiment. Soil Use Mgmt. 14, 52-54. Yaduvanshi, N.P.S., 2003. Substitution of inorganic fertilizers by organicmanures and the e ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ect on soil fertility in rice-wheat rotation on reclaimed sodic soil in India. J. Agric. Sci. 140, 161-168. Naeem, M., Iqbal, J. and Bakhsh, M.A.A. (2006). Comparative study of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures on yield and yield components of mungbean (Vigna radiate L.). Journal of Agriculture and Social Science, 2: 227-229. Dauda, S. N., Ajayi, F. A and Ndor, E. (2008). Growth and yield of water melon (Citrullus lanatus) as affected by poultry manure application. Journal of Agriculture and Social Science, 4: 121-124. Suresh, K.D., Sneh, G., Krishn, K.K and Mool, C.M. (2004). Microbial biomass carbon and microbial activities of soils receiving chemical fertilizers and organic amendments. Archives Agronomy Soil Science, 50: 641-647. Choudhry, A.U., 2005. Higher-Value Organics, Pakistan and Gulf Economist. pp: 35-8. Farooq, M., A. Wahid, N. Kobayashi, D. Fujita and S.M.A. Basra. 2009a. Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agron. Sustain. Dev., 29:185-212. Siddique, M.R.B., A. Hamid and M.S. Islam. 2000. Drought stress effects on water relations of wheat. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sinica, 41: 35-39. Atteya, A.M. 2003. Alteration of water relations and yield of corn genotypes in response to drought stress. Bulgar. J. Plant Physiol. 29, 63-76. Cassman, K.G., 1999. Ecological intensi ¬Ã‚ cation of cereal production systems: yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 5952-5959. Reganold J P. 1995. Soil quality and profitability of biodynamic and conventional farming systems. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 10, 36-45. Conacher J, Conacher A. 1998. Organic farming and the environment, with particular reference to Australia. Biological Agriculture Horticulture, 16, 145-171. Zhou B Y, Yang Z J. 1992. Role and function of organic fertilizer in agro ecosystem. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 11, 53-55. Liu X L, Gao Z, Liu C S, Si L Z. 1996. Effect of combined application of organic manure and fertilizers on crop yield and soil fertility in a located experiment. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 33, 138-147. He D Y, Wang K R. 1989. Role and function of organic fertilizer in agroecosystem. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 10, 12-15. Bos C, Juillet B, Fouillet H, Turlan L, Dare S, Luengo C, N`tounda R, Benamouzig R Gausseres N, Tome D, Gaudichon C (2005) Postprandial metabolic utilization of wheat protein in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 81: 87-94. Salekdeh, G.H. and S. Komatsu. 2007. Crop proteomics: Aim at sustainable agriculture of tomorrow. Proteomics, 7: 2976-2996. Abril A, Baleani D, Casado-Murillo N, Noe L (2007) Effect of wheat crop fertilization on nitrogen dynamics and balance in the Humid Pampas, Argentina. Agric Ecosyst Environ 119: 171-176 Graham PH, Vance CP (2000) Nitrogen fixation in perspective: an overview of research and extension needs. Field Crops Res 65: 93- 106. Pimentel D (1996) Green Revolution and chemical hazards. Sci Total Environ 188: 86-98. Sharma, A.R. and B.N. Mittra, 1991. Effect of different rates of application of organic and nitrogen fertilizers in a rice-based cropping system. Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge), 117: 313-318. Zheng, Z., Liu, Z., Wei, Y., Song, D., 2002. Effects of irrigation and fertilizer manage-ment on soil organic matter contents in semi-arid hilly area. J. Soil Water Conserv. 16, 102-104. Agboola, A.A. and J.A. Omueti, 1982. Soil fertility problem and its management in tropical Africa. Paper presented at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. pp: 25. Funk C, Dettinger MD, Michaelsen JC, Verdin JP, Brown ME, Barlow M Hoell A, 2008. Warming of the Indian Ocean threatens eastern and southern African food security but could be mitigated by agricultural development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105: 11081-11086. Lobell DB, Burke MB, Tebaldi C, Mastrandrea MD, Falcon WP Naylor RL, 2008. Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030. Science 319: 607-610. Lobell DB, 2009. Climate Extremes and Crop Adaptation. Summary statement from a meeting at the program on Food Security and Environment, Stanford, CA, held on June16-18, 2009. Lecoeur, A., Sinclair, G., 1996. Field pea transpiration and leaf growth in response to soil water de ¬Ã‚ cits. Crop Sci. 36, 331-335. Asseng, S., Ritchie, J.T., Smucker, A.J.M., Robertson, M.J., 1998. Root growth and water uptake during water de ¬Ã‚ cit and recovering in wheat. Plant Soil 201, 265-273. Zhang, J., Sui, X., Li, B., Su, B., Li, J., Zhou, D., 1998. An improved water-use ef ¬Ã‚ ciency for winter wheat grown under reduced irrigation. Field Crops Res. 59, 91-98. Ahmad, I., Abbasi, M.K., Rasool, G., 2002. Integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS) in wheat under rainfed conditions of Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Pak. J. Soil Sci. 21, 79-86. Sharma, P.K., Bhushan, L., 2001. Physical characterization of a soil amended with organic residues in a rice-wheat cropping system using a single value soil physical index. Soil Tillage Res. 60, 143-152. Stockdale, E.A., Shepherd,M.A., Fortune, S., Cuttle, S.P., 2002. Soil fertility in organic farming systems-fundamentally different? Soil Use Manage. 18, 301-308. Gooding, M.J., Davies, W.P., Thompson, A.J., Smith, S.P., 1993. The challenge of achieving breadmaking quality in organic and low input wheat in the UK-a review. Asp. Appl. Biol. 36, 189-198. Poutala,R.T.,Kuoppamaki,O.,Korva, J.,Varis, E., 1994. The performance of ecological, integrated and conventional nutrient management systems in cereal cropping in Finland. Field Crops Res. 37, 3-10. Woese, K., Lange, D., Boess, C., Bogl, K.W., 1997. A comparison of organically and conventionally foods-results of a review of the relevant literature. J. Sci. Food Agric. 74, 281-293. Dlouhy, J., 1981. Alternative forms of agriculture-quality of plant products from conventional and biodynamic growing. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Report 91, 147 pp Larsen, W.E. and C.E. Clapp. 1984. Inorganic Matter and Rice. IRRI , Manila, Philippines. Sarvanan, A., V. Velu and K.M. Ramanathan. 1987. Effect of combined application of bio-organic and chemical fertilizers on physicochemical properties, nitrogen transformation and yield of rice in submerged soils of Cauvery delta. Oryza 24:1-6. BARC (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council). 1997. Fertilizer Recommendation Guide. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Farmgate, Dhaka. Khan, S.K., S.K. Mohanty and A.B. Chalam 1986. Integrated management of organic manure and fertilizer nitrozen for rice. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 34: 693-697. Jedidi N, Hassen A, Van Cleemput O, MHiri A (2004) Microbial biomass in a soil amended with different types of organic wastes. Waste Manag Res 22: 93-99. Odlare M, Pell M, Svensson K (2008) Changes in soil chemical and microbiological properties during 4 years of application of various organic residues. Waste Manag. 28: 1246-1253. Shen QR, Shen ZG (2001) Effects of pig manure and wheat straw on growth of mung bean seedlings grown in aluminium toxicity soil. Biores Tech 76: 235-240. Wells A, Chan K, Cornish P (2000) Comparison of conventional and alternative vegetable farming systems on the properties of a yellow earth in New South Wales. Agric Ecosyst Environ 80: 47-60. Asghar HN, Ishaq M, Zahir ZA, Khalid M, Arshad M (2006) Response of radish to integrated use of nitrogen fertilizer and recycled organic waste. Pak J Bot 38: 691-700. Sarwar G, Hussain N, Schmeisky H, Muhammad S (2007) Use of compost an environment friendly technology for enhancing rice-wheat production in Pakistan. Pak J Bot 39 (5): 1553-1558. Sarwar G, Hussain N, Schmeisky H, Muhammad S, Ibrahim M, Safdar E (2008) Improvement of soil physical and chemical properties with compost application in rice-wheat cropping system. Pak J Bot 40: 275-282. Cheuk W, Lo KV, Branion RMR, Fraser B (2003) Benefits of sustainable waste management in the vegetable greenhouse industry. J Environ Sci Health 38: 855-863. Gopinath KA, Saha S, Mina BL, Pande H, Kundu S, Gupta HS (2008) Influence of organic amendments on growth, yield and quality of wheat and on soil properties during transition to organic production. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 82: 51-60. Steel, R.G.D., J.H. Torrie and D.A. Dicky. 1997. Principles and Procedures of Statistics, A biological approach. 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill, Inc. Book Co. N.Y. USA. pp. 352-358.

Hamlet and His Many Roles Essay -- essays papers

Hamlet and His Many Roles In the Shakespearean play, Hamlet, the title character portrays many roles, and all of these roles intersect in one scene in the play, Act III, scene ii. This scene takes place at the exact center of the play and if broken up into sections one can see a different aspect of Hamlet’s personality for each one. The play-within-a-play scene suggests that Hamlet is putting on his own play and reminds us that in real life, a person can play many roles. Hamlet plays a different role with each character in the play, such as Polonius, Claudius, Ophelia, Horatio, and the players. In the play scene, these characters are in the same place at the same time. Bert States calls Hamlet â€Å"a succession of responses to rapidly changing stimuli†. As he reacts with each character, he must move from role to role very quickly. It can be asked which roles are parts of Hamlet’s true self and which are feigned? Shakespeare uses references to plays and acting throughout the play to keep in mind the theme of appearance Vs reality. Hamlet says, â€Å"Our indiscretion sometimes serves us well, when our deep plots do pall, and that should learn us/ There’s a divinity that shapes our ends, rough-hew them how we will† (V, ii.lns 8-11). He is referring to the plot, the plan to alter the Murder of Gonzago, that he had earlier used to catch the conscience of the king. Hamlet also refers to a play when speaking of his voyage with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern: â€Å"being thus benetted round with villainies-- or I could make a prologue to my brains, they had begun the play† (V, ii. lns 29-31). Here, Hamlet is claiming that his brain is working independently of his will and that a play is being, in a sense, written for him. He is just a... ...s by himself. The play scene highlights the significance of each role and what purpose it serves in Hamlet’s quest for truth and revenge. Bibliography: Works Cited Fisch, Harold. Hamlet and the Word: the Covenant Pattern in Shakespeare. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1971 Nevo, Ruth. â€Å"Acts III and IV: Problems of Text and Staging.† Modern Critical Interpretations: William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1986. Rose, Mark. â€Å"Reforming the Role.† Modern Critical Interpretations: William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1986. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. ed. Louis B. Wright. New York, NY: Washington Square Press. 1993. States, Harold. Hamlet and the Concept of Character. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press. 1992.

Hard Drives :: science

Hard Drives Hard drives have been around longer than you think. In 1956, I. B. M. had invented a disk storage unit that was very large but did not store a lot of data. It was twenty-four inches in diameter and could hold only five megabytes, which is the equivalent to three and one half floppy disks. Originally called â€Å"fixed disks† later became known as â€Å"hard disks† opposed to floppy disks. In 1973, I. B. M. released a hard drive that could hold seventeen and one half megabytes. In 1980 Seagate made the first five and one quarter inch hard disk. In the late 1980’s, three and one half inch hard disks were invented (PCIN). Although there are smaller hard disks as small as two inches in diameter, three and one half inch hard disks have been made a standard and is used most often today. The capacity in hard drives has excelled thousands of times all over from five megabytes to one hundred sixty gigabytes (160,000 megabytes) which is the equivalent to one hundred eleven thousand one hundred eleven floppy disks. The hard drive or hard disk is one of the most critical components in the operation of a computer. It is also one of the only moving parts in the computer. Sadly, many people do not know the important role it has in the storage of their data or how it even works. When you think of your hard drive, think of it as the computer’s electronic filing cabinet. Everything you load, download, or save is stored on the hard drive. In fact, ten percent of your hard drive is already used when you purchase your computer because it needs certain system operating files that are required to make the basics work. Everything you add later such as word processors, antivirus software, e-mail software, games, and internet software are extra, soon leading to an over stuffed filing cabinet (Matthew Ferrara Seminars). However, many people ask, â€Å"What is the hard drive, physically?† The hard drive can be commonly referred to as â€Å"a box†. That is what it looks like, a three and one half inch metal box. It is located inside your mainframe or tower. It sits in what is called a drive bay. Here it is secured with screws. On the bottom of the hard drive is a chip board which is the really technical and complicated pieces of the hard drive.

Fiscal Policy Essay -- essays papers

Fiscal Policy Supposing the status quo of the United States today states that: there is no real unemployment, the consumer price index is rising at 2 percent annually, and the federal government budget deficit, 200 billion dollars, is equal to 5 percent of the gross national product. Now, the question is how and what changes will result from fiscal and monetary policy. For example, if legislation has just passed which holds government spending constant and raises personal income taxes enough to balance the budget, then obviously the deficit would cease growing, as mentioned, along with other fluctuations of the gross national product as a whole. Because the government will stop borrowing money, it will also cut down on the spending, which will cause the economy to slow down as is illustrated by the equation: Y = C + I + G + X. In the short run people will respond to the raised taxes by decreasing their consumption, while simultaneously the marginal propensity to consume will increase because people will have less money to save. Therefore, the short run effects of this fiscal policy will force companies to lower wages, produce less, and/or lay off a portion of the work force. All the while The Fed is working up their counter cyclical monetary policy to keep deviation from the potential GDP to a minimum. The Federal Reserve Bank goes public with its goal to significantly increase the money supply. Due to rational expectations of the consumer, people might be... Fiscal Policy Essay -- essays papers Fiscal Policy Supposing the status quo of the United States today states that: there is no real unemployment, the consumer price index is rising at 2 percent annually, and the federal government budget deficit, 200 billion dollars, is equal to 5 percent of the gross national product. Now, the question is how and what changes will result from fiscal and monetary policy. For example, if legislation has just passed which holds government spending constant and raises personal income taxes enough to balance the budget, then obviously the deficit would cease growing, as mentioned, along with other fluctuations of the gross national product as a whole. Because the government will stop borrowing money, it will also cut down on the spending, which will cause the economy to slow down as is illustrated by the equation: Y = C + I + G + X. In the short run people will respond to the raised taxes by decreasing their consumption, while simultaneously the marginal propensity to consume will increase because people will have less money to save. Therefore, the short run effects of this fiscal policy will force companies to lower wages, produce less, and/or lay off a portion of the work force. All the while The Fed is working up their counter cyclical monetary policy to keep deviation from the potential GDP to a minimum. The Federal Reserve Bank goes public with its goal to significantly increase the money supply. Due to rational expectations of the consumer, people might be...

Food Adultration

Food adulteration Adulteration is the act of making any commodity impure by mixture of other ingredients. This mixture may corrupt the nature of the original to the extent of destroying its identity, or it may merely lower the value or effectiveness of the finished product. Adulteration of foods and beverages has been performed with the same aim—increasing profits for the manufacturer or merchant—since early times, when laws in ancient Greece and Rome addressed the coloring and flavoring of wine. England has had laws against adulteration of beer, bread, and other commodities since the 13th century, culminating in the Adulteration of Food or Drink Act of 1872 with its stiff penalties. The law was modernized with the 1955 Food and Drug Act. Adulteration not only functions to defraud consumers but it can also pose a health threat. In the case of illegal drugs sold on the street, adulteration is generally in the form of inert or harmless compounds, but deadly poisons, such as sodium cyanide, have sometimes been sold as heroin. Adulteration is not the only source of poor-quality or dangerous foods and drugs: The ingredients of junk foods need not be adulterated to ensure a virtual absence of nutritional value; potentially hazardous medicines will have more adverse effects if unadulterated. The consumer movement of recent times has focused not only on adulteration, but also on the nature of various unadulterated ingredients. For hundreds of years, governments have had an interest in regulating food processing to ensure the safety and wholesomeness of the foods consumed by their citizens. The earliest known food law was written in Japan in AD 702. In Britain, the first Pure Food Laws were enacted during the 1860s to combat adulteration, the secret use of additives to stretch wholesome foods with cheaper, no nutritious (and sometimes dangerous) ingredients. This practice became common during the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), when cities began to grow and urban populations no longer got their food directly from the farm, creating an opportunity for deception by middlemen. Today, several United States government agencies carry out inspections and enforce a comprehensive system of regulations governing food processing, packaging, and distribution. The FDA is responsible for monitoring and inspecting most all other food products. The FDA enforces the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which prohibits the shipping of adulterated or mislabeled products in interstate commerce. FDA inspectors visit food processing plants and warehouses to monitor all phases of processing, packaging, and distribution. Samples of food products are analyzed by FDA chemists to ensure the foods are wholesome and unadulterated and do not contain harmful substances, such as levels of pesticides above the limits set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In 1958, amendments to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act gave the FDA authority to regulate the use of additives in foods. The Delaney Clause, which was part of those amendments, prohibits approval of additives that cause cancer in human or animal tests. Some people have criticized this clause for being too inflexible, because some studies show very small increases in cancer risk and some studies that show a risk of cancer in animals may not be relevant to humans. Since 1969, the FDA has set standards for inspection of retail food stores, restaurants, and cafeterias, although local health departments are responsible for carrying out those inspections.