marketing test :: essays research papers

Ch 5 Consumer behavior- Processes a consumer uses to make purchase decisions, as well as to use and dispose of purchased goods or services. 5 Steps to decision process- learn recognition, information search, evaluation of alternative, purchase, post purchase behavior. Need recog- result of an imbalance between actual and desired states. External stimuli is a pic, internal stimuli is a recent experience, good or bad. Recognition of unfulfilled wants- when a product isnt performing properly, when consumer is running out of product, when another product is better than one cosmos used. Info search- internal (memory) and external (tv). EVOKED SET (consideration set)- group of brands, resulting from an information search from which a buyer can choose. Evaluation of alternatives- rank attributes by importance, crumble product attributes, use cut off criteria. Post purchase behavior- Cognitive dissonance inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistence betwee n behavior and set or opinions. Consumers try to reduce dissonance by justifying their decision. Factors determining the level of consumer involvement- previous experience, interest, perceived risk of negative consequence, situation, social visibility. Underlying cultural, social, individual, and psychological factors powerfully influence the decision process. Culture play deepest part of a persons consumer behavior, culture is pervasive, functional, learned, and dynamic, and the most defining element of a culture is values. Marketers are interested in social class for 2 reasons, Social class often indicates which medium to use for advertising, and knowing what products appeal to which social classes. Reference groups- a group in society that influences an individual purchasing behavior. Primary membership group- a reference group with which people interact regularly in an informal, face to face manner. second-string membership group- A reference group with people associate less c onsistently and more formally that a primary such as a club, pro group or religious group. Aspirational reference group- A group that someone would like to join. Norm- A value or attitude deemed acceptable by a group. Reference groups have 3 implicatons- serve as info sources and influence perception, affect individual aspiration levels, their norms either constrain or become consumer behavior. Ch 6 Business products- used to manufacture other products, become part of another product, aid the normal operations of an organization, are aquired for resale without change in form. net Marketing opportunities- increase efficiency, reduce cost, improve customer service, create 1to1 relationships, introduce new products, expand markets. Benefits of marketing on the net- lower prices, greater selection of products and vendors, regain to customer and product sales data, around the clock ordering and customer service, lower cost, customized products.

Household Fuel Project :: essays research papers

The UNJLC mission to the greater Darfurs and assessment of UN/NGO interest and commitment to launch an ITDG project promoting manufacture of fuel-efficient stoves from locally available organic materials by IDP camp women thus, reducing firewood consumption by 40%, has been concluded. Project proposal development responsibility were delegated to the open fire and Energy Development Groups (F&EWD) established during the missions visit to El Fasher, Nyala and Geneina comprising a cross section of UN and NGO partners.UNJLC and ITDG Khartoum organization management, structure and process full stop discussions were concluded since the last bulletin-reporting period resulting in a formalized and systems approach that demarcates service provider and NGO stakeholder responsibility levels and assists F&EWGs in development of geographic specific project proposals, which thereafter depart be forwarded by the field directly to ITDG Khartoum for compilation and presentation to DFID in accord ance with donor conditions. feeler dissemination of road-map guidelines coinciding with inter-agency meeting in El Fasher are undergoing final revision for broad electronic dissemination to all locations by 23 September. early(a) significant contributions include the launching of an F&EWG inter-agency 100 household surveys in Nyala comprising World Vision, as focal point covering Kalma and Otash camps. Save the Children UK will commence survey work in Manawashe, Mushing and Duma while IRC covers Kass.Surveys are based upon data standardization mission recommendations and will find trend information (i.e. distances currently travelled by women collecting firewood compared with 3 months ago) and gender based threat data (incidence, periodicity of risk/threat factors) and solicits GBV risk/mitigation recommendations from respondents. Data capture fields of wood fuel consumption, access, collection methods, meals preparation related to fuel availability supplement the surveys format . 13 UN and NGO partners forming the consortium of F&EWG with HelpAge nominated as focal point are concurrently carrying out a similar 100 household survey in Geneina.

Napoleon - an enlightened despot Essay -- essays research papers

Enlightened despotism is when there is an absolute ruler, in some cases a tyrant, who follows the principles of the Enlightenment finished reforms. Permitting religious toleration, allowing freedom of the press and speech, and expanding education are a few main guidelines to being and enlightened despot. snooze I is often referred to as oneness of the greatest enlightened despots. Although, he did not follow the ideas of the enlightenment entirely, he managed his country in a way that he maintained complete potentiality as well as many of the sort outs of the French Revolution. Yes, sleep did want to do a few things for himself, but he excessively ruled for the volume in most cases, promote government-funded education, and supported many other enlightened ideas. But, most importantly, Napoleon did what he thought would make his country stronger.One of Napoleons first areas of concern was in the strengthening of the French government. He created a strong centralized governmen t and pretty much got rid of the hundreds of situate law codes that had existed during under the control of the monarchy. He also created an army of government officials. He had the entire country linked under a rational administration. He also was able to get an easy supply of taxes and soldiers under his new and improved French government. Before he could get very far, however, he had to gain public favor and shape the public opinion. To do this he used reforms of propaganda and thus caused people to think that they were getting the better end of the deal, but were actually, subconsciously giving Napoleon their approval for his actions. Among some of the methods he used for propaganda included getting all of the printers and book sellers to swear an oath to Napoleon and all newspapers knock down under state control, so Napoleon gained access to almost everything that the citizens of France were able to read. Many of the gains from the French Revolution were kept, such as equalit y before the law, and careers hold to talent. Some anti-revolution actions that Napoleon took included repressing liberty, restoring absolutism, and ending political liberty. He believed that allowing political freedom would end with a state of anarchy. He believed that he could bring in these problems by acting in favor of the peoples interests as an enlightened desp... ...ig concepts, such as equality before the law, but he also did what would benefit his country. It is important to understand that since France had just exited a revolution, it was pretty fragile one big mistake and France might have ended up in another one. Napoleon was not only a child of both the French Revolution and the Enlightenment, he was also a very intelligent person. His blind and his wits led him to be one of the greatest, if not the greatest enlightened despot of all time.Works Consulted(none). The Age of Enlightenment. 17 Dec. 2004. 18 Dec. 2004. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_EnlightenmentBerger on, Louis. France Under Napoleon Napoleon as Enlightened Despot. 13 Dec. 2004. Gay, Peter. The Enlightenment An Interpretation New York W. W. Norton & Company, 1996Kreis, Steven. Europe and the Superior Being Napoleon. The History Guide Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History. 13 May. 2004. 6 Dec. 2004. Karl, Kenneth. Cracking the AP European History Exam New York Princeton Review Publishing, 2004 118-120Spielvogal, Jackson J. Western Civilization Comprehensive volume atomic number 20 Wadsworth/Thompson Learning, 2000 517-518, 572-579, 917

Free College Essays - Devon as a Microcosm in Knowles A Separate Peace

Devon as a Microcosm to the Outside World in A Separate Peace Welcome to a small school called Devon during the summertime of 1942. At the beginning of the second World War, Devon is a quiet place with close friends and great memories, until one event brings the entire school into its possess war. With the star supporter having his leg accidentally broken by his best friend, Devon turns against itself into a war zone where nobody is safe. It all began with a childish impale of jumping out of a tree into a river, a test of guts and will. All fun and games until that summer day when the star athlete is lay out to jump out while his best friend follows him up the tree to jump next. The branch is shaken slightly, and suddenly the schools top athlete is lying on the ground with a broken leg. This event seems so small and feeble, but it will soon not only tear a friendship apart, but the whole school, as well. &nbs...

American Based Media Corporations: Opening the Global Lines of Communic

AbstractThe world is separated by many barriers that be today being overcome by technology. Leading the way in this magnification are American based media corporations. Earlier on many telephone linees saw investing in operations overseas as being a countervail of money and time. Americans break had the tendency to think that the world revolves around them. This thought process has kept many companies from expanding into the international markets. The American culture dominance in regards to music, style and way of life is spreading like wildfire through out the world.Issue PaperAmerican Based Media Corporations Opening the Global Lines of CommunicationIn the last twenty years technology has made expansion into overseas arenas much easier than ever before. Today American companies are relentlessly trying to gain on the popularity of the US culture in foreign markets. Media companies cross nationalism is no surprise in light of the fact that they have always been operate on the cutting edge. The media has a great deal of control over what people see, hear and read on a daily basis. Technology has benefited a great deal from media companies exposing new inventions and other advancements for the public to see. Media companies are also responsible for the spread of the American pop culture, which has endeared itself to many in different countries.The are several media companies capitalizing on the American pop culture boom, but the focus of this paper will be placed on three specific types of media corporations. The Associated Press, AT&T and YAR Communications deal in totally different areas of media but they all have one thing in common, they have intensely sought-after(a) after the foreign market.The Associated PressIn 18... ...In order to remain profitable in such competitive market a company must bid a product or service that spans the global in appeal. The vast media arena is ever changing as innovative young minds continue to bring new ways to make success an inevitable fact. In essence the public will have the final say so in which business will sink or swim in the media global marketplace. The tough decisions are made on the streets and not in the boardroom. Over the years the streets have called for a more diversified aspect of the media. The companies mentioned above are leaders in this respective services they provide and will continue to play a major role in global media.Works CitedThe Associated Press. Website. http//www.ap.org/ anniversary/nhistory/past50.html.AT&T Corp. Website. http//www.att.com/att/.YAR Communications. Website. http//www.yar.com/en/.

Three Cups of Tea Essays -- Literary Analysis, Greg Mortenson, Oliver

Three Cups of Tea is a book written by Greg Mortenson and Oliver Relin. It centers on Mortensons journey to skeleton schools in Pakistan. When Mortenson ended up in Korphe after an attempt on the climb of K2, Mortenson was in the care of hadji Ali. Mortenson promised to digit a school in Korphe after learning that Korphe did not have a school. Since then, Haji Ali became a large influence in Mortensons life and his mission in the Korphe school.Haji Ali, the chief of Korphe, first met Mortenson when he landed in Korphe after he failed climbing K2. He took care of Mortenson letting him rest and giving him tea. When Haji ali told Mortenson that Korphe had no school and that the Pakistani government didnt prove a teacher, Mortenson promised to build a school for all the things Haji Ali did for him back in Korphe (Relin and Mortenson 31-33). He showed Mortenson the personal bitner of life in Pakistan, and the things need to be done in order to build the school. While Mortenson was a way, Haji Ali discussed the school in Korphe. He told Mortenson that they have to build a duad (Relin and Mortenson 97). Mortenson was angry, not angry with the villagers in Korphe, but angry with himself for not planning better. How else would they carry the supplies needed for the school? With Haji Alis advice of twist a bridge, Mortenson stayed in Korphe until he understood everything that needs to be done in order to build the school. Haji Ali was the one that proposed every healthy man in the village to lend a hand in carrying the cable and stones to Korphe to starting building the bridge (Relin and 114). Sooner or later with everybodys help, the bridge has been built with the final plank put in place by Haji Ali (Relin and Mortenson 123).After the b... ...bided the education of girls and the construction of the school. Mortenson learned to respect the ways of the Balti citizenry when Haji Ali told him about the lesson of the three cups of tea. He now knows to trust the loca l villagers when it comes to finding another location for a new school by sledding to places where he already had contacts with. Mortenson learned from Haji Ali not to go anywhere in Pakistan without the hospitality of a village chief. Finally, Haji Alis last actors line taught Mortenson to listen to the children, as in to think of them when continuing to build more schools. With all the lessons Haji Ali taught Mortenson, Mortenson is now more effective with dealings with locals in the neighbourhood resulting in being more effective as the director of CAI. Everyone needs someone like Haji Ali in their life to potentially succeed in whatever the mission life brings.

Three Cups of Tea Essays -- Literary Analysis, Greg Mortenson, Oliver

Three Cups of Tea is a book written by Greg Mortenson and Oliver Relin. It centers on Mortensons journey to build works in Pakistan. When Mortenson ended up in Korphe after an attempt on the climb of K2, Mortenson was in the care of hadji Ali. Mortenson promised to build a school in Korphe after learning that Korphe did not have a school. Since then, hajji Ali became a large influence in Mortensons life and his mission in the Korphe school. haji Ali, the chief of Korphe, first met Mortenson when he landed in Korphe after he failed climbing K2. He took care of Mortenson permit him rest and giving him tea. When Haji ali told Mortenson that Korphe had no school and that the Pakistani government didnt prove a teacher, Mortenson promised to build a school for all the things Haji Ali did for him back in Korphe (Relin and Mortenson 31-33). He showed Mortenson the way of life in Pakistan, and the things need to be done in order to build the school. While Mortenson was away, Haji Ali disc ussed the school in Korphe. He told Mortenson that they have to build a bridge (Relin and Mortenson 97). Mortenson was angry, not angry with the liquidationrs in Korphe, but angry with himself for not planning better. How else would they carry the supplies indispensable for the school? With Haji Alis advice of building a bridge, Mortenson stayed in Korphe until he understood everything that needs to be done in order to build the school. Haji Ali was the one that proposed every healthy man in the village to lend a hand in carrying the cable and stones to Korphe to starting building the bridge (Relin and 114). sort of or later with everybodys help, the bridge has been built with the final plank put in place by Haji Ali (Relin and Mortenson 123).After the b... ...bided the education of girls and the crook of the school. Mortenson learned to respect the ways of the Balti people when Haji Ali told him about the lesson of the three cups of tea. He now knows to trust the local village rs when it comes to finding another location for a new school by going to places where he already had contacts with. Mortenson learned from Haji Ali not to go anywhere in Pakistan without the hospitality of a village chief. Finally, Haji Alis last words taught Mortenson to listen to the children, as in to think of them when continuing to build more than schools. With all the lessons Haji Ali taught Mortenson, Mortenson is now more effective with dealings with locals in the region resulting in being more effective as the director of CAI. Everyone needs someone like Haji Ali in their life to potentially succeed in whatever the mission life brings.

Bridge Construction

LRFD radiation pattern caseful for December 2003 FHWA NHI-04-041 mark Girder Super twist span nimble for FHWA / National Highway Institute Washington, DC US Units Prepared by Michael Baker Jr Inc daydream Township, Pennsylvania Development of a Comprehensive cast standard for a sword Girder brace with Commentary human body extremity flow charts for Superstructure and Substructure material bodys Prepared by Michael Baker Jr. , Inc. November 2003 Technical Report Documentation varlet 1. 4. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. 5. Recipients Catalog No.Report Date FHWA NHI 04-041 Title and Subtitle LRFD founding pattern for make Girder Superstructure pair with Commentary 7. Author (s) December 2003 6. Performing Organization Code Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. , Kenneth E. Wilson, P. E. , S. E. , William A. Amrhein, P. E. , S. E. , Scott D. Zang, P. E. , Justin W. Bouscher, E. I. T. , Laura E. Volle, E. I. T. 8. Performing Organization Report No. B25285 001 0200 HRS 10. 11. 13. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Contract or Grant No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address Michael Baker Jr. , Inc.Related reading Padma duo ParagraphAirside Business Park, 100 Airside Drive Moon Township, PA 15108 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address DTFH61-02-D-63001 Type of Report and Period Covered Federal Highway Administration National Highway Institute (HNHI-10) 4600 N. Fairfax Drive, retinue 800 Arlington, Virginia 22203 15. Supplementary Notes Final Submission August 2002 December 2003 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Baker Principle Investigator Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. Baker Project Managers Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. and Kenneth E. Wilson, P. E. , S. E. FHWA Contracting Officers Technical Representative Thomas K.Saad, P. E. Team Leader, Technical Review Team Firas I. Sheikh Ibrahim, Ph. D. , P. E. 16. Abstract This document consists of a comprehensive steel girder bridge determination example, with instructional rendering based on the AASHTO LRFD connect material body Specifications (Second Edition, 1998, including interims for 1999 through 2002). The design example and commentary are intended to serve as a guide to aid bridge design engineers with the implementation of the AASHTO LRFD span be after Specifications, and is offered in both(prenominal) US Customary Units and Standard International Units.This jut includes a detailed outline and a series of flowcharts that serve as the basis for the design example. The design example includes detailed design computations for the following bridge features cover aggrandise, steel plate girder, bolted guinea pig connect, shear connectors, bearing stiffeners, dyers mignonetteed connections, elastomeric bearing, cantilever abutment and wingw either, hammerhead pier, and tamp foundations. To make this think ofence user-friendly, the numbers and titles of the design steps are agreeable between the detailed outline, the flowcharts, and the design example.In addition to design computations, th e design example also includes many tables and fingerbreadths to illustrate the various design procedures and many AASHTO references. AASHTO references are presented in a dedicated column in the right margin of each page, immediately adjacent to the corresponding design procedure. The design example also includes commentary to explain the design logic in a user-friendly way. Addition completelyy, tip boxes are used throughout the design example computations to present useful information, earthy practices, and rules of thumb for the bridge designer.Tips do not explain what must be done based on the design specifications rather, they present suggested alternatives for the designer to consider. A figure is generally provided at the end of each design step, summarizing the design results for that particular bridge element. The analysis that served as the basis for this design example was performed using the AASHTO Opis software. A sample input file and selected excerpts from the corre sponding output file are included in this document. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution StatementBridge designing, leaf blade Girder, Load and resistivity Factor object, LRFD, Concrete push down, Bolted orbit Splice, Hammerhead Pier, Cantilever Abutment, Wingwall, Pile Foundation 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) This report is available to the public from the National Technical discipline Service in Springfield, Virginia 22161 and from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Form DOT F 1700. 7 (8-72) Unclassified 644 Reproduction of finished page authorizedThis page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express appreciation to the Illinois Department of Transportation, Washington State Department of Transportation, and Mr. Mike Grubb, BSDI, for providing expertise on the Technical Review Committee. We would also like to acknow ledge the contributions of the following staff members at Michael Baker Jr. , Inc. Tracey A. Anderson Jeffrey J. Campbell, P. E. James A. Duray, P. E. John A. Dziubek, P. E. David J. Foremsky, P. E. Maureen Kanfoush Herman Lee, P. E. Joseph R. McKool, P. E. Linda Montagna V. Nagaraj, P. E. Jorge M. Suarez, P. E.Scott D. Vannoy, P. E. Roy R. Weil Ruth J. Williams Table of contents 1. flowcharting Conventions 2. Flowcharts of import Flowchart chart 1 oecumenic tuition graph 2 Concrete aggrandize picture map 3 poise Girder invent chart 4 Bolted reach Splice jut out graph 5 mingled Steel trope map 6 header aim graph 7 Abutment and Wingwall chassis graph 8 Pier determination map P Pile Foundation convention Flowcharts physical body Example for a Two- braces Bridge Flowcharting Conventions counterbalance A process may have an entry point from more than one path. An arrowhead going into a process signifies an entry point.Unique sequence identifier Process description Reference Process A tendency type chart or AASHTO Reference Unless the process is a decision, there is only one pop off point. A line going out of a process signifies an exit point. Commentary to provide additional information about the decision or process. Flowchart reference or article in AASHTO LRFD Bridge form Specifications Supplemental Information No Decision Yes Process programme grade chart or AASHTO Reference Go to Other Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel project Example 1 Flowcharts purpose Example for a Two-Span Bridge Main Flowchart Start founding tonus 1General Information graph 1 invention standard 2 Concrete Deck visualise map 2 protrude footstep 3 Steel Girder determination graph 3 Splices are generally learnd for girders that are too long to be transported to the bridge site in one piece. Yes No argon girder splices compulsory? blueprint ill-use 4 Bolted plain stitch Splice foundation chart 4 tendency dance step 5 Miscellaneous St eel Design graph 5 Go to A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Main Flowchart (Continued) A Design whole tone 6 head Design Chart 6 Design whole tone 7 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Design timbre 8 Pier Design Chart 8 Design yard 9Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Design trample 10 picky nourishment and make up Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Note Design trample P is used for pile foundation design for the abutments, wingwalls, or piers. FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge General Information Flowchart Chart 1 Start Start Design measure 1 General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design tread 2 Design tint 1. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design metre 3 No atomic number 18 girder splices requisite? Yes Design quantity 4 Bolted force field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 BearingDesign Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwa ll Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 excess Provisions and live Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Includes Governing specifications, codes, and standards Design methodology Live lading requirements Bridge breadth requirements clearance requirements Bridge length requirements sensible properties proximo wearing surface Load modifiers Design step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 1. 2 Obtain Geometry Requirements Design Step 7 Includes Horizontal curve data and alignment Vertical curve data and grades Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes Design Step 10Does client require a Span Arrangement Study? No Includes destine bridge character find span arrangement Determine substructure locations Compute span lengths encounter fluffwise clearance Design Step 1. 3 Perform Span Arrangement Study Design Step 1. 3 Select Bridge Type and Develop Span Arrangement Go to A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge General Informati on Flowchart (Continued) Chart 1 Start Design Step 1 General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 A Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No be girder splices needful?Design Step 1. 4 Yes Obtain Geotechnical Recommendations Design Step 4 Bolted dramatic art Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 limited Provisions and appeal Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Includes Boring logs Foundation type recommendations for all substructures Allowable bearing pressure Allowable block Overturning Sliding Allowable pile electric resistance (axial and lateral) Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Yes Does client require a Type, Size and Location Study?No Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Includes Select steel girder types Girder spacing count on girder depth Check vertical clearance Design Step 1. 5 Perform Type, Size and Location Study Design Step 1. 5 Determine Optimum Girder Configuration Design Step 1. 6 Plan for Bridge Aesthetics S2. 5. 5 Considerations include Function Proportion Harmony Order and stave Contrast and texture Light and shadow Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart Chart 2 Start Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 1Design Step 2. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3 Includes Girder spacing Number of girders Top and bottom cover Concrete strength Reinforcing steel strength Concrete density Future wearing surface Concrete parapet properties Applicable load combinations fortress factors To compute the effective span length, S, assume a girder result flange width that is conservatively smaller than anticipated. The deck overhang region is necessary to be designed to have a resistance larger than th e actual resistance of the concrete parapet.Based on Design Steps 2. 3 and 2. 4 and based on client standards. No atomic number 18 girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted playing area Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 2. 2 Determine Minimum Slab Thickness S2. 5. 2. 6. 3 & S9. 7. 1. 1 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 3 Determine Minimum Overhang Thickness S13. 7. 3. 1. 2 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 2. Select Slab and Overhang Thickness Design Step 10 Yes Equivalent Strip Method? (S4. 6. 2) No Other deck design methods are presented in S9. 7. Design Step 2. 5 Compute Dead Load effect S3. 5. 1 & S3. 4. 1 Includes moments for parcel dead load (DC) and wearing surface dead load (DW). Go to A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 2 A Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 2. 6 Compute Live Load Effects S3. 6. 1. 3 & S3. 4. 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3 Design Step 2. 7 Compute Factored Positive and Negative Design Moments S4. 6. 2. 1 Considerations include Dynamic load allowance (S3. 6. 2. 1) Multiple aim factor (S3. 6. 1. 1. 2) AASHTO moment table for equivalent strip method (STable A4. 1-1) No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design CompletedDesign Step 2. 8 Design for Positive Flexure in Deck S5. 7. 3 Resistance factor for flexure is found in S5. 5. 4. 2. 1. See also S5. 7. 2. 2 and S5. 7. 3. 3. 1. Generally, the bottom transverse reinforcement in the deck is checked for crack control. The pull round load proscribe moment is calculated at the design section to the right and to the left of each interior girder, and the extreme value is applicable to all design sections (S4. 6. 2. 1. 1). Generally, the top transverse reinforcement in the deck is checked for crack control. Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 9 Design Step 7Check for Positive Flexure Cracking under Service Limit State S5. 7. 3. 4 & S5. 7. 1 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 2. 10 Design for Negative Flexure in Deck S4. 6. 2. 1 & S5. 7. 3 Design Step 10 Design Step 2. 11 Check for Negative Flexure Cracking under Service Limit State S5. 7. 3. 4 & S5. 7. 1 Design Step 2. 12 Design for Flexure in Deck Overhang S5. 7. 3. 4, S5. 7. 1 & SA13. 4 Go to B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 2 For concrete parapets, the case of vertical impact never controls.B Design Case 1 Design Overhang for Horizontal Vehicular Collision Force SA13. 4. 1 Design Case 2 Design Overhang for Vertical Collision Force SA13. 4. 1 Design Case 3 Design Overhang for Dead Load and Live Load SA13. 4. 1 Check at Case Inside Face 1A of Parapet Check at Case Design 1B Section in Overhang Check at Case Design 1C Section in First Span Check at Case Design 3A Section in Overhang Check at Case Design 3B Section in First Span As(Overhang) = maximum of the above five reinforcing steel areas Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Yes Design Step 3 As(Overhang) As(Deck)? No No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Us e As(Overhang) in overhang. Use As(Deck) in overhang. Check for Cracking in Overhang under Service Limit State S5. 7. 3. 4 & S5. 7. 1 The overhang reinforcing steel must satisfy both the overhang requirements and the deck requirements.Design Step 5 Design Step 2. 13 Design Step 6 Does not control the design in just about cases. Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 2. 14 Compute Overhang Cut-off Length Requirement S5. 11. 1. 2 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to C FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 2 C Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 2. 15 Compute Overhang Development Length S5. 11. 2 Appropriate correction factors must be included. Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3Design Step 2. 16 Design Bottom Longitudinal Distribution payoff S9. 7. 3. 2 Design Step 3 Compute Effective Span Length, S, in accordance with S9. 7. 2. 3. Bas ed on temperature and shrinkage reinforcement requirements. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 2. 17 Design Top Longitudinal Distribution wages S5. 0. 8. 2 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 18 Design Longitudinal Reinforcement over Piers Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes Continuous steel girders? No Design Step 10 For unsophisticated span precast girders made continuous for live load, design top longitudinal reinforcement over piers according to S5. 14. 1. 2. 7. For continuous steel girders, design top longitudinal reinforcement over piers according to S6. 10. 3. 7. Design Step 2. 19 Draw conventional of Final Concrete Deck Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 4 Flowcha rtsDesign Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart Chart 3 Start Includes project specific design criteria (such as span configuration, girder configuration, initial spacing of cross frames, material properties, and deck slab design) and design criteria from AASHTO (such as load factors, resistance factors, and multiple presence factors). Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 3. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed A Design Step 3. 2 Select Trial Girder Section Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes composite section? No Considerations include Sequence of l oading (S6. 10. 3. 1. 1a) Effective flange width (S4. 6. 2. 6) Design Step 10 Design Step 3. 3 Compute Section Properties for Composite Girder S6. 10. 3. 1Design Step 3. 3 Compute Section Properties for Noncomposite Girder S6. 10. 3. 3 Go to B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 B Includes component dead load (DC) and wearing surface dead load (DW). Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 3. 4 Compute Dead Load Effects S3. 5. 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3. 5 Compute Live Load Effects S3. 6. 1 Considerations include LL distribution factors (S4. . 2. 2) Dynamic load allowance (S3. 6. 2. 1) Includes load factors and load combinations for strength, service, and moil limit states. Considerations include General proportions (6. 10. 2. 1) Web slenderness (6. 10. 2. 2) Flange proportions (6. 10. 2. 3) Go to A No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 3. Combine Load Effects S3. 4. 1 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 3. 7 Check Section Proportion Limits S6. 10. 2 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Are section proportions adequate? Yes Go to C No FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 C Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes No Composite section? Yes Design Step 4Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier De sign Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 3. 8 Compute Plastic Moment Capacity S6. 10. 3. 1. 3 & Appendix A6. 1 Considerations include Web slenderness compressing flange slenderness (N only) Compression flange bracing (N only) Ductility (P only) Plastic forces and neutral axis (P only) Design for Flexure Strength Limit State S6. 10. (Flexural resistance in terms of underline) Considerations include Computations at end panels and interior panels for stiffened or partially stiffened girders Computation of shear resistance Check D/tw for shear Check web fatigue stress (S6. 10. 6. 4) Check handling requirements Check nominal shear resistance for constructability (S6. 10. 3. 2. 3) Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 D Design Step 3. 9 Determine if Section is Compact or Noncompact S6. 10. 4. 1 Design Step 10 Yes Design for Flexure Strength Limit State S6. 10. 4 (Flexural resistan ce in terms of moment) Compact section? No Design Step 3. 10 Design Step 3. 0 Design Step 3. 11 Design for Shear S6. 10. 7 Note P denotes Positive Flexure. N denotes Negative Flexure. Go to E FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 E No Transverse intermediate stiffeners? If no stiffeners are used, and so the girder must be designed for shear based on the use of an unstiffened web. Design includes Select single-plate or double-plate Compute projecting width, moment of inertia, and area Check slenderness requirements (S6. 10. 8. 1. 2) Check stiffness requirements (S6. 10. 8. 1. 3) Check strength requirements (S6. 0. 8. 1. 4) If no longitudinal stiffeners are used, then the girder must be designed for shear based on the use of either an unstiffened or a transversely stiffened web, as applicable. Design includes Determine required locations Select stiffener sizes Compute projecting width and mom ent of inertia Check slenderness requirements Check stiffness requirements Yes Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 3. 12 Design Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed No Longitudinal stiffeners? Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Yes Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 3. 13 Design Longitudinal Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 3 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to F FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 4 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 F No Is stiffened web most cost effective? Yes Use unstiffened web in steel girder design.Use stiffened web in steel girder design. Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3. 14 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design for Flexure get into and Fracture Limit State S6. 6. 1. 2 & S6. 10. 6 No Are girder splices required? Yes Check Fatigue load (S3. 6. 1. 4) Load-induced fatigue (S6. 6. 1. 2) Fatigue requirements for webs (S6. 10. 6) Distortion induced fatigue Fracture Compute Live load deflection (optional) (S2. 5. 2. 6. 2) Permanent deflection (S6. 10. 5) Check Web slenderness Compression flange slenderness Compression flange bracing ShearDesign Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 3. 15 Design for Flexure Service Limit State S2. 5. 2. 6. 2 & S6. 10. 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 3. 16 Design for Flexure Constructibility Check S6. 10. 3. 2 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to G FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 5 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 GStart General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 3. 17 Check Wind Effects on Girder Flanges S6. 10. 3. 5 Design Step 1 Refer to Design Step 3. 9 for determination of compact or noncompact section. Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Have all positive and negative flexure design sections been checked?No Go to D (and repeat flexural checks) Design Step 5 Yes Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Were all specification checks satisfied, and is the girder optimized? No Go to A Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Yes Design Step 3. 18 Draw Schematic of Final Steel Girder Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 6 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart Chart 4 Start Includes Splice location Girder section properties Material and bolt properties Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3Design Step 4. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Design Step 4. 2 Select Girder Section as Basis for Field Splice Design S6. 13. 6. 1. 1 Design bolted field splice based on the smaller adjacent girder section (S6. 13. 6. 1. 1). No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Left Design Step 5 Which adjacent girder section is smaller? RightDesign Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design bolted field splice based on left adjacent girder section properties. Design bolted field splice based on right adjacent girder section properties. Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Design Step 4. 3 Compute Flange Splice Design stacks 6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Includes Girder moments Strength stresses and forces Service stresses and forces Fatigue stresses and forces Controlling and noncontrolling flange Construction moments and shears Go to A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 4Check Yielding / fracture of splice plates Block shear rupture resistance (S6. 13. 4) Shear of flange bolts Slip resistance Minimum spacing (6. 13. 2. 6. 1) Maximum spacing for sealing (6. 13. 2. 6. 2) Maximum change for stitch bolts (6. 13. 2. 6. 3) Edge distance (6. 13. 2 . 6. 6) Bearing at bolt holes (6. 13. 2. 9) Fatigue of splice plates (6. 6. 1) Control of permanent deflection (6. 10. 5. 2) A Design Step 4. 4 Design Bottom Flange Splice 6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required?Design Step 4. 5 Yes Design Top Flange Splice S6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Check Refer to Design Step 4. 4 Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 4. 6 Design Step 7 Compute Web Splice Design Loads S6. 13. 6. 1. 4b Design Step 8 Check Girder shear forces Shear resistance for strength Web moments and horizontal force resultants for strength, service and fatigueDesign Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to B FH WA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 4 B Check Bolt shear strength Shear yielding of splice plate (6. 13. 5. 3) Fracture on the net section (6. 13. 4) Block shear rupture resistance (6. 13. 4) Flexural yielding of splice plates Bearing resistance (6. 13. 2. 9) Fatigue of splice plates (6. 6. 1. 2. 2) Both the top and bottom flange splices must be designed, and they are designed using the same procedures.Are both the top and bottom flange splice designs completed? No Go to A Design Step 4. 7 Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Web Splice S6. 13. 6. 1. 4b Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Specia l Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7Yes Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Do all bolt patterns satisfy all specifications? No Go to A Yes Design Step 4. 8 Draw Schematic of Final Bolted Field Splice Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart Chart 5 Start No Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Composite section? For a composite section, shear connectors are required to develop composite consummation between the steel girder and the concrete deck.Design includes Shear connector details (type, length, diameter, transverse spacing, cover, penetration, and pitch) Design for fatigue resistance (S6. 10. 7. 4. 2) Check for strength limit state (positive and negative flexure regions) (S6. 10. 7. 4. 4) Design includes Determine required locations (abutments and interior supports) Select stiffener sizes and arrangement Compute projecting width and effective section Check bearing resistance Check axial resistance Check slenderness requirements (S6. 9. 3) Check nominal compressive resistance (S6. 9. 2. 1 and S6. 9. 4. ) Design Step 1 Yes Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Design Step 5. 1 Yes Design Shear Connectors S6. 10. 7. 4 Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 5. 2 Design Bearing Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 2 Design Step 10 Go to A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 5 A Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Design Welded Connections Step 5. 3 S6. 13. 3 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Design includes Determine required locations Determine weld type Compute factored resistance (tension, compression, and shear) Check effective area (required and minimum) Check minimum effective length requirements To determine the need for diaphragms or cross frames, refer to S6. . 4. 1. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 No Are diaphragms or cross frames required? Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 6 Yes Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Design Step 5. 4 Design Cross-frames S6. 7. 4 Go to BDesign includes Obtain required locations and spacing (determined during girder design) Design cross frames over supports and intermediate cross frames Check transfer of lateral wind loads Check stability of girder compression flanges during erection Check distribution of vertical loads applied to structure Design cross frame members Design connections FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 5 B Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 No Is lateral bracing required?To determine the need for lateral bracing, refer to S6. 7. 5. 1. Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Yes No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Design Step 5. 5 Design Lateral Bracing S6. 7. 5 Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design includes Check transfer of lateral wind loads Check control of deformation during erection and placement of deck Design bracing members Design connections Design Step 6Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 5. 6 Compute Girder Camber S6. 7. 2 Design Step 10 Return to Main Flowchart Compute the following camber components Camber due to dead load of structural steel Camber due to dead load of concrete deck Camber due to superimposed dead load Camber due to vertical profile Residual camber (if any) Total camber FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bearing Design Flowchart Chart 6 Start Includes Movement (longitudinal and transverse) Rotation (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical) Loads (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical)Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 6. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 6. 2 Selec t Optimum Bearing Type S14. 6. 2 See list of bearing types and selection criteria in AASHTO Table 14. 6. 2-1. Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design CompletedSteelreinforced elastomeric bearing? No Design selected bearing type in accordance with S14. 7. Includes Pad length Pad width Thickness of elastomeric layers Number of steel reinforcement layers Thickness of steel reinforcement layers Edge distance Material properties Method A usually results in a bearing with a lower capacity than Method B. However, Method B requires additional testing and quality control (SC14. 7. 5. 1). Note Method A is described in S14. 7. 6. Method B is described in S14. 7. 5. Design Step 7 Yes Design Step 8 Design Step 9 A

Of mice and men Comparison Essay

Of mice and men by John Steinbeck- Consider the lineament of crooks. How does he contribute to our soul of the community in which he lives?This essay will answer the question above. I will be looking at the character Crooks and the society and the racial issues at that time. I will also look into the American inhalation of the majority. John Steinbeck was born in 1902 in Salinas, California, and many of his novels be set in this part of America. Before his career as a writer began, Steinbeck worked as a construction labourer and a caretaker. His first novel Cup of currency was published in 1929. Of Mice and Men was published in 1939. He died at the age of 66 in 1968.In this paragraph, I will describe the character of Crooks and some of the difficulties faced by the racial minority. Crooks is a Black-American who stands out to the former(a) spreadhead-men. He has a crooked back, where he has been kicked by a horse. He is cognise by many names, like the stable-buck negro or nig ger. In the time where Crooks was living, Americans treated the Black-Americans very differently because they were niggers. The black people where not allowed in exsanguinous areas, rase though it wasnt a law, it was made this way, but there where laws of the segregation of the black and white people.In the ranch, it was exactly the same, Crooks wasnt allowed in the other ranch peoples bunk house to play blackjack or rummy I aint wanted in the bunk-house and you aint wanted in my get on (page 72). He just had to sleep in the barn by himself he had no rights, except the plectrum of invitation of his room. He is only allowed to play horse shoes with the other ranch proletarians because he is so good at it. Although C1rooks is part of the lowest chain of respect, he knows himself as a proud aloof man he doesnt care what the others say about him.As Crooks is the only black man in the ranch, he has no rights at all, he didnt even have an identity, he was known as Crooks because his real name was not important to the ranch workers. Ku Klux Klan is the name of a number of past and present organisations in America that believed in white supremacy, anti-Semitism, racism and anti-Catholicism. These organisations promoted violence and terrorism, sometimes intimidation like vehement a cross. The Klan was founded 1866, it mainly focused on intimidating people, but rapidly adapted to violent methods. This is what happens to crooks as he becomes intimidated and abused by other ranch workers. . A quick reaction set in as the Klans leader left, by the early 1870s. Crooks had a book in his room called the California Civil Code, this tells him what rights he has and what rights he doesnt have, he does this so he can avoid organism lynched.Every American worker has an American dream, the base of this is respect the people working in the ranch want to have their own ranch, people working for them and some comme il faut crops. Crooks dream is to be treated equally, and to be prize. Candy wants to relax for his last few years and seeks the opportunity in George and Lennies dream which is to have a big vegetable patch and a rabbit-hutch and some chickens (page 15), Curleys wife wants to star in the movies, wear nice clothes and be rich. All their dreams are quite similar as they all want something for their own and also respect. What Crooks really wants is equality he wants to be treated as another human being and not differently and to have friends. I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick. (Page 77)There are many characters that have disabilities in the story, these people are Crooks, Candy, Lennie and Curleys wife, these people are affected in their own way. Crooks disability is none other than being black and his crooked back, he has to have his own room in the smelly, cramped barn, and he cannot go to the bunk house and play rummy with the white characters. Lennie has a mental disability which makes him different from the other characters b ecause he still has a mind of a child this affects him as the others underestimate him.Curleys wife is the only female at the barn, she cannot do the things the boys can do, she is also controlled by Curley as she is a woman because men had more power than women in the past, this soaked that she couldnt do what she wanted to do. Candy has the disadvantage of being old, the other guys think that he is useless, he stays behind and cleans up the bunk house, he has also lost a hand which makes that others think of him more useless. This shows us that he is not the only one which is different to the ranch workers.Crooks contributes to our understanding of the society of which he lives by showing us how he lives in separation and inequality, he cannot do any of the things that the white people do, he doesnt even sleep in the same place as them as they think he stinks. The also refer to him as the nigger because he is not respected enough to be called by he real name.

Data Warehouse Case Study Essay

History of the CDR When the project began in 199596, the CDR, initially referred to as the clinical research info menial, was intended to support and enhance clinical research at the University of Virginia by providing clinicians, students, and researchers with direct, rapid access to retrospective clinical and administrative patient role information. Re? ecting this intent, the system was funded by the School of Medicine and ho social occasiond in the Academic Computing Health Sciences group, which is distinct from the medical centers IT group. With considerable assistance and cooperation from info owners and stewards, legacy data from several different sources were irritated into a single relational database and periodically updated. Authorized users accessed the CDR through a standard Web browser and viewed or downloaded data to their personalized computers for further analysis.Initially, accent mark was placed on getting the CDR running as quickly as possible and with a min imum of resources consequently, extensive transformation of data to an enterprise data model was not performed. The CDR project team consists of 2. 53. 0 FTEs (full-time equivalents) one developer, one developer-database administrator, and portions of analyst, clinician, and administrative FTEs. To date, the costs of developing and operating the CDR have been approximately $200,000 per year, underwritten by the School of Medicine.Over the course of the project, there have been signi? cant enhancements to the user interface, incorporation of additional data sources, and the development of an integrated data model. There has overly been increasing interest in using the CDR to serve a broader audience than researchers and to support management and administrative exploitsto meet the challenge of providing a way for bothone with a need to knowat every level of the organizationaccess to accurate and timely data necessary to support effective decision making, clinical research, and att end improvement.In the atomic number 18a of education, the CDR has become a core teaching resource for the part of Health Evaluation Sciences masters program and for the School of Nursing. Students use the CDR to understand and master informatics issues such as data capture, vocabularies, and coding, as well as to perform Case instruction A Data Warehouse for an Academic Medical Center 167 exploratory analyses of healthcare questions. Starting in Spring 2001, the CDR will also be introduced into the universitys undergraduate medical curriculum. System Description Following is a brief overview of the CDR application as it exists at the University of Virginia.System Architecture. The CDR is a relational data storage warehouse that resides on a Dell PowerEdge 1300 (Dual Intel 400MHz processors, 512MB RAM) running the Linux operating system and Sybase 11. 9. 1 relational database management system. For storage, the system uses a Dell Powervault 201S 236GB RAID Disk Array. As of Octo ber 2000, the database contained 23GB of information about 5. 4 million patient visits (16GB visit data, 7GB testing groundoratory results). Data loading into Sybase is achieved using custom Practical Extraction and Report terminology (Perl) programs. CDR Contents. The CDR currently draws data from four independent systems (see Table 1).In addition, a number of derived values (for example, number of days to next inpatient visit, number of multiplication a diagnostic code is used in various settings) are computed to provide summary information for selected data elements. Data from each of these source systems are integrated into the CDRs data model. In addition to the current contents listed in Table 1, users and the CDR project team have identi? ed additional data elements that might be incorporated Table 1. Contents of the CDR Type of Data Inpatient, outpatient visits Source of Data Shared Medical Systems DescriptionPatient registration and demographic data, diagnoses, procedures , unit and census information, billing transactions, including medications, costs, charges, reimbursement, insurance information Physician billing transactions from inpatient and outpatient visits, diagnoses, and procedures science laboratory test results Available Dates Jul 1993Jun 2000 Professional billing Laboratory results Cardiac surgery IDX billing system HL-7 messages from SunQuest Lab System Cardiac surgery outcomes data (de? ned by Society of Thoracic Surgeons Oct 1992Jun 2000 Jan 1996Jun 2000 Clinical details for pectoral surgery casesJul 1993Jun 2000 168 Einbinder, Scully, Pates, Schubart, Reynolds into the CDR, including microbiology results, discharge summaries (and other narrative data), outpatient prescribing information, order entry details, and tumor registry information. As of October 2000, we have just ? nished incorporating death registry data from the Virginia Department of Health into the CDR. These data will provide our users with direct access to more compr ehensive mortality outcomes data than are contained in local information systems, which loosely are restricted to an in-hospital death indicator.User Interface. The user interface runs in a standard Web browser and consists of a data dictionary, a parade of common gateway interface (CGI) programs implemented using the C programming language, and JavaScriptenabled HTML pages. Structured query language (SQL) statements are generated automatically in solvent to point-and-click actions by the user, enabling submission of ad hoc queries without prior knowledge of SQL. The SQL queries are sent to the CGI programs that query the database and return results in dynamically created HTML pages.The entire process is controlled by the contents of the data dictionary, which is used to format SQL results, set up HTML links for data drill-down, and provide on-line help. Data may be downloaded immediately into Microsoft Excel or another analysis tool on the users workstation. Query Formulation. Mo st CDR users use the Guided Query function to retrieve data. This process involves three steps 1. De? ne a population of interest by setting conditions, for example, date ranges, diagnostic codes, physician identi? ers, service locations, and lab test codes or values. 2.Submit the query, specifying how much data the CDR should return (all matching data or a speci? ed number of rows). 3. After the CDR returns the population of interest, use the Report Menu to explore various attributes of the population on a case-by-case or group level. Custom reports can also be de? ned, and the results of any report can be downloaded into Microsoft Excel, Access, or other analysis tool. Generally, the query process requires several iterations to modify the population conditions or report options. In addition, browse the data may help the user generate ideas for additional queries.We believe that it is helpful for end users to go through this query process themselvesto directly subscribe to the dat a. However, many users, especially those with a pressing need for data for a meeting, report, or grant, prefer to use CDR team members as intermediaries or analysts. To date, we have seek to meet this preference, but as query volume increases, our ability to provide data in a timely manner may fall off. Security. A steering committee of clinicians guided the initial development of the CDR and established policies for its utilization and access. Only authorized users may log onto the CDR.To protect con? dentiality, all patient and physician identifying information has been partitioned into a secure Case Study A Data Warehouse for an Academic Medical Center 169 database. Translation from or to disguised identi? ers to or from actual identi? ers is possible but requires a written request and appropriate approval (for example, from a supervisor or the human investigations committee). All data transmitted from the database server to the users browser are encrypted using the secure Nets cape Web server, and all accesses to the database are logged.In addition, CDR access is restricted to personal computers that are part of the Virginia. edu domain or that are authenticated by the universitys proxy server. Evaluation Understanding user needs is the basis for ameliorate the CDR to enable users to retrieve the data independently and to increase engagement of the CDR at our institution. Thus, assessing the value of the CDRhow well we meet our users needs and how we might increase our user basehas been an important activity that has helped guide planning for changes and enhancements and for allocation of our limited resources.Efforts to evaluate the CDR have included several approaches Monitoring user population and usage patterns Administering a CDR user survey Tracking queries submitted to the CDR and performing follow-up telephone interviews Usage Statistics. Voluntary usage of an IS resource is an important measure of its value and of user satisfaction. 5 Howeve r, usage of a data warehouse is likely to be quite different than for other types of information resources, such as clinical information systems. A clinical system is likely to be used many times per day a data warehouse may be used sporadically.Thus, although we proctor system usage as a measure of the CDRs value, we believe that frequency of usage cannot be viewed in isolation in assessing the success of a data warehouse. Since the CDR went live, more than 300 individuals have requested and obtained logon IDs. As of September 30, 2000, 213 individuals had logged on and submitted at least one query. This number does not include usage by CDR project team members and does not re? ect analyses performed by team members for end users. Figure 1 shows the cumulative number of active users (those who submitted a query) and demonstrates a linear growth pattern.

Brazilian culture Essay

enculturation refers to the norms, values and conceptions which influences an individuals behavior. They argon usually non tangible things though they greatly affect or influence the reactions or response of an individual to certain circumstances. Different communities begin different cultures which atomic number 18 usually expressed through the various artifacts and symbols as well as ceremonies and traditions. The national culture of a place is usually expressed through the phrase verbalize, the piety practiced, the etiquette and attitudes of the people, body language as well a lit epochture, arts and symphony in such a country.The national culture of a country influences the government agency things and work ar carried out and as such the performance of different entities within the country. brazilian culture Brazil is located in the southern the States and it is characterized by different and diverse culture which is as a result of cultural and ethnic mixing betwee n the Africans, the native Americans and the Lusitanian which occurred during the colonial era which. Other groups of people which urinate greatly influenced the culture of Brazil are the Spanish, Arabs, the Germans and the Italian immigrants who settled in Brazil between the 19th and the 20th century.This diverse nature of Brazilian people has given rise to a national culture which is so diverse. Portugal however was the major country which greatly influences the culture of Brazil since it was its colonizer. During the colonization period, the Brazilian people were having close contact with the Brazilians especially because Portuguese colonizers inhabited Brazil in large numbers. The slaves who were mostly black Africans also influenced greatly the formation of the Brazilian culture (Nava & Lauerhass, 2006).During the colonial period, the Portuguese wanted the Brazilians to be civilized and gum olibanum introduced Portuguese language as well as Catholicism. Portuguese is the mo st widely spoken language in Brazil although Spanish is also spoken in some parts. English is the second language which is spoken after Portuguese. However, the Brazilian Portuguese is different from Portuguese which is spoken in Portugal and other Portuguese speaking countries. The Brazilian Portuguese contains additional words which are coined from their native language.Most of the Brazilians can speak English though not frequently while a good number of them can hear and regard Spanish though they may not speak it. As mentioned above, Catholicism is widely practiced with most of the individuals thus being Christians. Brazil is one of the countries which have the largest number of catholic population although other beliefs like Hinduism, ayahuasca, spiritism, Judaism and Buddhism have evolved overtime. Other groups of Christianity like the Mormon Church, Methodism and Pentecostalism are also gaining root in Brazil.An annual religious celebration known as carnaval is held in Bra zil for forty days and it is celebrated before Easter which marks the lent period (Thomas, 2007). The Brazilian music is composed mostly of traditional styles for example samba, frevo and forro among others. Brazil also has classical music which dates back to the 18th century. The music industry in Brazil is attach by diversity especially after Brazil become democratic in 1985 whereby hip hop music was largely adopted.Music in the ago was largely influenced by social classes which existed between the rich, the middle class and the poor people. However, most of the traditional songs were neutral and did not favor any class thus unifying the country music industry. Another important feature of Brazilian culture is their literature which can be traced back to the 16th century. Portuguese explores during the colonial period wrote different poems, plays and chronicles describing Brazil. Brazilian writers started writing soon after independence in 1822 which marked the beginning of nat ives prominence in literature.They also have a folk literature tradition although little of is known internationally. This folk literature is usually done by displaying verses in a booklet format which are hanged on the wall using strings in rhymed verses. This is common in the northeast region where illiteracy level is still high (Nava & Lauerhass, 2006). As mentioned above, carnival is one of the most celebrated steadyts and acts as symbol of the Brazilian people. During this celebration, costumed dancers as well as musicians form parades both formal and even in the streets for a period of four days.This event is celebrated nationally with carnival symbolizing national ethos especially because it depicts the dualities of life of the Brazilians which is divided among the poverty and wealth, egg-producing(prenominal) and males and Europeans and Africans. Football is also another extremely celebrated activity in Brazil. During major soccer matches like the world cup, all national attention is amused to soccer with most of the people wearing clothes decorated with colors of their national flag (Garibaldi de Hilal, 2006).Brazilians unlike people in the North America have little sense especially of personal space when it comes to their etiquette. The Brazilians may be found in large and also crowded areas which do not stir up them. Respect is usually accorded according to the dressing code of a person. To command respect, one thus has to wear appropriately to fit his or her class as dressing is used as a symbol of class. Also, these people tend to physically expressive and they convey some of their emotional information via touching. Touching in Brazil is translated to mean friendship or concern about the welfare of the other person.Women are more inclined to touching and kissing their fellow women as a sign of greetings while men usually pat or bear hug their male counterparts. People like doctors, professors and priests among other are intercommunicate usi ng their titles which is them followed by their first names. Body language is also used in Brazil and is usually varied depending on the social class or standing of an individual. Domestic or house servants greet their masters usually by a limp handshake while slightly bowing the lead and lowering the eyes. They address their masters with respectful you (senhora) while masters address servants as voce.Graduates and other educated persons are addressed as doctor. The Brazilians are not bothered by nudity and this is verifiable through scanty dressing that is worn during carnival (Nava & Lauerhass, 2006). In Brazil, personal relationships are valued with body language being passing used while expressing emotions. Touching is one way of expressing concern, friendship and even interest on the other peoples come out of view. People who tend to keep their distance while talking to their counterparts are usually considered to be cold and uninterested.Also the national language that is P ortuguese is highly valued and even those who can speak English prefer speaking in their native Portuguese language. The Brazilians also value or regard highly their symbols which include the carnival and soccer (Garibaldi de Hilal, 2006). The national culture of a country affects in a great manner the running of the national affairs as well as the disdaines. eyepatch carrying out business activities in an area, it is vital to understand the culture which the federation holds as this would influence workers motivation and commitment to the business as well as the communitys perception of the business.Apart from the expertise or experience of the workers and the managers, national culture contributes in largely to the ingathering or stagnation of a business and as such it should be treated carefully. Knowledge of the Brazilian culture would influence greatly how a business is to be carried out in this region. As mentioned above, personal relationship is very important to the Braz ilians and as such, this would impact greatly to the way a business operates. While carrying out business in this region, it is vital for the managers to ensure that they create personal relationships with their workers as this would act as a motivation factor.Managers who keep their distance may be viewed as being cold or rude in Brazil and as such, understanding the culture of the Brazilians would help in managing and running a business successfully (Ferreira, et al, n. d). Brazilians also respect and adore their symbols which are mainly soccer and carnival celebrations. During this period, most of the Brazilians are committed to the celebrations and as such may not be willing to work as usual or for long hours. Understanding the value the Brazilians attach to these functions would influence how activities of a business are carried out.This is more so because these celebrations are nationally accepted as part of their culture. During the festive period, the business may be run few er hours be unsympathetic till the festive seasons is over. Learning to value what the native Brazilians value would help in establishing an entity in this region and also earning the commitment of the workers to the business (Ferreira, et al, n. d). Conclusion For any business to be successful, it is vital to ensure that it espouses and values the national culture in existence in a particular area.The culture of a community or a country determines the attitudes, behavior and response of the workers in an organization and as such, managers should ensure that they fully understand the national culture existing in a country as this is bound to influence not only the workers performance of tasks but also the running of the business. A company deemed to esteem the national culture is more likely to be successful that a company comprising of good management team but which does not respect or observe the national culture. Reference Ferreira, M. C. et al (n.d) Organizational culture in B razilian public and private companies. Retrieved on 2nd April 2009 from, http//ebooks. iaccp. org/ongoing_themes/chapters/ferreira/ferreira. php? file=ferreira&output=screen. Garibaldi de Hilal, A. V. (2006) Brazilian depicted object Culture, Organizational Culture and Cultural Agreement. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, Vol. 6 Nava, C. & Lauerhass, L. (2006) Brazil in the making facets of national identity. ISBN 0742537579, Published by Rowman & Littlefield Thomas, V. (2007) Culture of BRAZIL. Retrieved on 2nd April 2009 from, http//www. everyculture. com/Bo-Co/Brazil. html.

English 2 – Literary Response

My Singular Irene Lit dateture is, by my understanding, a means to connoisseur society and individuals or the way the initiation is behaving. Writers of Literature write literature to provide a new way of seeing things that might be disparate from our point of view. In other words, writers use nebs of literature taradiddle like symbolism, point of view to help them is making the literature story to be more(prenominal) exciting and clear to us, the reader. The author helps us to see the frailty or other bad deeds and good things about this life in this world as we seldom see those things with our own eyes.A Very Old small-arm With Enormous Wings and My Singular Irene is a very good exemplar for this literature reading, because it is very rich in literature concept and devices, like symbolism or point of view. The main character in this story is verbalize to be alienated, repressed and silenced in the story. I will prove this statement by retelling the main point on the story that supports this statement. A very old man refers to an old holy man that is cast ashore into earth because of inability to keep up with the heavy rain. e can see that the angel is alienated from examples that shown this statement, such as They found the whole neighborhood in front of the chicken coop having period of play with the angel, without the slightest reference, tossing him things to eat through the openings in the electrify as if he werent a supernatural creature but a circus animal. (Gabriel Garcia Marquez 36). the angel is alienated because It is treated differently from the others. The others are having fun with the angel rather than acculturation with the angel. The angel is also repressed and silenced.There is a quotation that shows this statement Pelayo watch over him all afternoon from the kitchen, build up with his Bailiffs club, and before handout to bed he dragged him out of the mud and locked him up with the hens in the wire chicken coop. (Gabriel Gar cia- Marquez 36). From this statement, we can derive that the angel is caged from its emancipation and its freedom is repressed by the caged that Pelayo given it, thus the angel is silenced from the freedom. My Singular Irene is also a good example for this literature reading.Irene is reputed to be alienated is true in this story. Irene is treated differently from other plurality. From the story we know that Ilenes husband( the first person view in the story) isolated Irene from the out-of-door world by buying Irene very expensive stuff to lure Irene to stay in the house isolated from the outside world. Irene is also axiomatic to be repressed and silenced. We know from the story that Irene is considered as a thing to her husband, because her husband wants Irene to act like he wants.So, in order to satisfy his ego, Irene is inhibited and ho-hum by many ways, like not allowing Irene to go to the outside world, forbidding visitors to meet Irene. Irene too, like the Angel is restr ain from freedom. A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings and My Singular Irene are an example of story that has a symbol of contemporary alienation and triumph over it. First, I am going to express about A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings. The angel in the story is alienated or make indifferent. It is derived from the behavior of the people that found the angel. It is treated like mere goods than divine figure.So, it is true that it is a contemporary alienation. Later in the story, we know that the angel has his most precious tool that can bring him back to his divine status. That tool is its wings, when its wings grows back, he immediately leaped up to the sky and clapped its wings and fly to the horizon of freedom. The angel is reputed to be a triumph over alienation. Second, My Singular Irene is also a symbol of alienation. Irene is also made hostile like the angel. She is isolated or caged by her husband there is an interesting point in this story in my point of view.To me, Irene se emed to be speechless or not a living thing. The author writes the story in such a way that us, readers, grabs the alienation theme in the story. Irene is also considered as a triumph over alienation. There is a quotation from the story Horrifying Irene changed into a horrendous butterfly I stood up and fell again, powerless now. She would leave me she would take flight and leave me. The gigantic Irene comminute smiled at me, diminished, and disappeared with the others. I am at the site of the events, waiting for Irenes return. She has no return.She cannot deny me the peace that her company always offered me. (AlmAnzar, JosE AlcAntara 45) From this quotation, I interpret it that Irenes freedom does also mean she has a higher status in the relationship with her husband now. What I meant by higher status of relationship is the cardinal that always try to get the relationship going is the one that has a lower status, in this case, her husband. Irenes triumph over alienation is expres sed by the author of Irene transformation into the most beautiful butterfly that can fly anywhere it wants. It is very interesting that these two stories have a similar thing.They both(prenominal) define freedom by flying leaving the thing that binds their way to freedom. The following paragraph below tells a story about human of necessity for in-person freedom and community. There is certainly no argument in this world that can be used to defy human involve for socializing and person-to-person freedom. Human always seek out a way to grab that freedom. Kingdom falls, kingdom rises, Leader of a faction dies, and assassin was born. each(prenominal) of these examples are made because of the deal to fix and maintain personal freedom and the ability to communicate freely with communities of choice.There is an interesting story below those negotiation about humans desire for personal liberty. This story is about the struggle of African-American communities in the United States to o btain their right of personal freedom and human needs for sociality. United States also known as the land of the free and the brave has been well known for its freedom. It has a lot to offer, such as the freedom of speech, the right to work, etc. But, in contrast to all of those things, there is a little dispute inside this great country in the era of slavery. African American is the target for this matter.African American arrived in the United States as Indentured Servants via Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. They could earn their so called personal freedom by working as slave to their chosen master. As time goes by, the other majority in the United States made a conduct for slaves called Slaves Codes. This Slave Codes constrained African American in the Unites States from their liberty. They did fight for it until the Majority pushes another harsh rule for any slaves that disobey its masters. From this point, we can see humans needs for personal freedom.Human fights for freedom riskin g everything they had, like their lives, treasure, relatives. There is also a story of a president that fight for part of his citizens needs for personal freedom, his name was Abraham capital of Nebraska. He was a farmer boy that born Feb. 12, 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky. His parents were both born in Virginia. Abraham was well known for his strength and cleverness in farming skills. In not so long time he began to be very famous in the community because of his skills in socializing. Not so long after that, he became the president of the United States.He saw this great calamity of slavery and intends to abolish this calamity for good. To pursue this personal freedom, Abraham had gone(p) through a lot of obstacles from his own family until his own citizen in the south. Alas, not so long a civil war broke out among the north and the south. But, the good always wins Abraham with the North wins the Civil War by diplomacy. And thus the period of reconstruction began. Unfortunately Abraham was killed by an assassin in April 14, 1865 Lincoln was killed at Fords Theatre in Washington by John Wilkes Booth.This story has greatly described to us the importance of human need for community and personal freedom. In conclusion, these two stories, My Singular Irene and A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings, tell us about the importance of personal freedom and need of interaction with other people. They also told us, no matter how hard human is pushed to abandoned their personal freedom human always emerges to fight their way to obtain freedom even though they have to put their lives on the line to achieve their goal, personal freedom.

How is the Struggle between Good and Evil presented in Lord of the Flies? Essay

Lord of the Flies was written by Word state of war II veteran William Golding and follows the lives of a gathering of school boys who crash land on a tropical island after an atomic bomb goes off. The novel starts wish well an adventure story of a group of boys free to do what they want in paradise with the lack of adult control. However the story quickly develops into a deeply meaningful insight into the demonic of earthly concern nature and a tale of the desperate struggle for the survival of respectable. The author concentrates on the nice from majority rule to snake pit. He presents the tale as the struggle between good and iniquity through a variety of methods from physical struggles, uniform the fights between bullshit and Ralph, to discriminating battles for control, like Jacks constant power mongering and undermining of Ralph.Golding uses a small group of principal(prenominal) characters to tell the majority of the story. First thither is Ralph, the boy with fai r hair, he is the first character the reader is introduced to and is instantly likeable as he is naturally attractive and has a lot of charisma. The other boys naturally respect him because of these attri preciselyes and he makes a good leader because of this. The story revolves around Ralph and his emotions. Ralph is tempted by Jack and disgust ways but is undoubtedly good and the hero. Then there is Piggy, shorterand really fat, the second to be introduced. Piggy is the opposite of Ralph in terms of looks and is an easy target for bullying.Piggy however much disliked is most likely the smartest on the island, he is Ralphs font of information and has remarkable commonsense and is an original animadverter. In the civilised world Piggy would be respected, on the island he was compel to solitude through no fault of his own because of his looks. Piggy is like Ralph, good, but unlike Ralph is never tempted by bad. Then there is Jack, the leader of the sing who become the hunters. Jack rules by fear alone and does non like to share power. I ought to be chief, said Jack with a simple arrogance. So he is deeply resentful of Ralph being chosen diplomatically as leader. Besides being a leader he is a bully, shut up fatty, Jack targets piggy the most while he starts off gaining Ralphs trust and broods secretly over his humiliation of democratic defeat. Jack is the main source of shabbiness on the island and drives the island into savagery with his obsession with hunting and power grabbing.Ralph represents goods struggle with evil through his actions. To start with he is tempted by Jack and hunting, Ralph watched them the hunters envious and resentful. And this is reflected in the way he treats Piggy at the beginning he mocks him and does not take him seriously, Piggy Ralph shrieked with laughter, by the nullify he is to Ralph the straight, wise fri dying called Piggy. Golding has shown a drifting scale through the hold in at the beginning Ralph and Jack are g reat friends, by the end they are mortal enemies. As Jack becomes less civilised Ralph likes him less and as Ralph becomes more civilised he likes Piggy more. Ralph represents the failing battle of good against evil. Even though ultimately he was rescued, he failed to stop evil and maintain order, peace or even the fire.Jack represents evil in the book and is typically compared with Hitler and other evil dictators in history. The simplicity of Jack is the terrifying part about him. He acts on his feelings and rules eitherone by fear and dictating to everyone one. He is arrogant, determined, sort of clever, bossy and a bully. At the start he is clearly a bad person and there are dark hints of his evil, light blue eyes, thwart now, and turning, or ready to turn to anger. However he is calm down just a typical bully, nothing special, just in a special situation. Jack controls the hunters who start as the choir but descend into savagery following Jack. It is who Jack is at the begin ning of the story compared to who he becomes that shows how evil dominates the island. Jack like many others is primarily concerned with meat, hunting, games and having fun no matter who they hurt. This makes him appealing and as Ralph constantly tries to enforce the rules Jack uses this to undermine Ralph and strengthen his own position. For pattern Jack criticises Ralph for not hunting and being bossy.Golding also uses symbolism to present the struggle between good and evil. Firstly there is the Conch. This object is utilise by Ralph to call meetings and to keep order in a gathering by making a rule that only the holder of the Conch may speak. The Conch represents land and begins as a beautiful colourful object, a deep cream, touched here and there with faded pink. But as savagery creeps into the island it gets duller and darker until Roger smashes it into a thousand white fragments.This shows how as evil creeps into the island democracy and rules become less and less relevant until they are destroyed completely by evil, body forth in this case by Roger. The fire represents mans inability to control nature. The fire is used to cook meat and to try and signal for a rescue. However as savagery increases the fire is not used as a signal, it is used only for cooking meat. This shows how some of the boys give up on civilisation and loose hope of it coming ass. In the end the hunters try to use the fire to kill Ralph. Ironically this act of pure destruction and chaos leads to the resurrection of society on the island through the arrival of the rescue boat.Simon and Roger represent two ends of a scale in the book. Golding has used Roger as a representation of true evil while using Simon as a deliverer like pure good character. Both are loners with few friends and stay outside the group but when it is involved in good things, like building huts, Simon joins in. As the island descends into savagery Roger not only joins in but also becomes as mightily as Jack wi elding a nameless authority. Of course as Simon is the representation of good he is destroyed by evil. Roger as the representation of evil not only helps to destroy Simon, but also cut ups Piggy. These two characters also help to define the decent into savagery. At the beginning when Ralph has just been elected leader, Simon goes with the Jack and Ralph exploring the island.He is at his most popular at this point and this shows how at the beginning good people like Simon are very expectable. Before the end Simon is polish off and by the time Ralph is hunted Roger is nearly as powerful as Jack. Roger edged past the Chief, only just avoiding pushing him with his shoulder. This shows how powerful Roger has become, because while you would think all of Jacks followers fear or at the least respect him Roger clearly has little of either for Jack as he nearly knocks him over while passing by. This shows how evil has began to dominate the group and makes it seem like Jake is no longer evil enough to control the group. This shows that evil is its own master and Roger would probably go on to take over the group, as he is so evil and therefore powerful.Golding experiences of WWII are joined to the entire book. In WWII Golding would have seen un-imaginable evil, men fighting men to the death merciless and horrible to watch. The ideas portrayed in the book offer explanations to why evil dominates good. Firstly it is easier to be evil and a lot more fun. The novel shows this by hunting and other games. During a hunt a boy moldiness cause pain to an animal and ultimately kill it, but that is not considered as the pleasure is a drug to the young boys minds which none can deny. The analogous goes for games involving others being hurt, they know that they are causing pain but slowly they begin to care less and less. They cause more and more pain to the human they are hunting letting the excitement overwhelm them, until an event like the death of Simon happens and boundaries have been crossed. By then there is no turning back and the once innocent boy playing games are lost in savagery and they have become easy to control with fear and hunting. That is how Jack gained his power. secondly being good all the time is near impossible and boring.Even Ralph joins the hunt and is in circumstance the first to make fun of Piggy. In fact Ralph is the first to call Piggy Piggy, his real names Piggy. And begin the cycle of bullying that leads to his death. What Golding shows by this is nobody, not a saint, a pope or anybody has ever gone through life without performing, however small, some evil consciously. Every boy on the island is tempted and in some way they all turn on some form of evil, whether it is the name calling of a weaker boy to the murder of another, they all do it. There are only two exceptions Piggy, because he is not strong enough to perform evil and Simon, because he is pure good. But in reality no one exists like Simon, unless you believe in Je sus (and what the Bible teaches) and even if you do then you also believe he was more than human.Thirdly the line between good and evil is unclear. As Golding shows the decent into Savagery is slow, as the island changes boundaries of acceptance change. To start in a private school the children would not have bullied an other, as they did to Piggy, as the laws of there school would vindicate them. Once on the island there new freedom is a luxury and they do not hesitate to call others by names. However they all still cling to civilisation, for a while at least, as at the beginning none would attack another without justification. As the island changes the boundaries are pushed so far that murder is justifiable. As mentioned before once the boundaries are crossed there is no going back.Golding offers another explanation to the reason for evils victory, the darkness of mans optic perhaps men are naturally evil. If one takes this mentality then in reality there is no struggle between good and evil just resistance as evil dominates and men become moraleless creatures driven only by basic desire. Books like Lord of the Rings or harass Potter portray evil as a different species, as men who are corrupted and not as Golding describes men in there natural and basic form. Lord of the Flies is perhaps the only novel which describes the battle between good and evil as the inner battle which every man must face.Simon was a visionary and his realisation is what Golding was trying to say, the beast they all feared was within them. In other words they feared each other and themselves but could not realise this. Golding presents the struggle between good and evil as a battle doomed from the start. He portrays men as naturally evil and only the few who cling to civilisation as good, but they are ultimately doomed as the three who do stay true to humanity are destroyed save Ralph who is rescued by luck. Lord of the Flies shows how without the fragile walls of society what huma n nature is truly like and why evil in the end will always be able to dominate good.

Goffman’s Dramaturgical Sociology Essay

The article by Brown elaborates on traditional symbolical interactionism. Goffman was mainly interested in neighborly self in the society that constitutes of individual personality formation. His imagination of self involves engaging in purposive forms of activities and impressions. According to Goffmans dramaturgy, there are various schools of interactionist analysis. batch try to manipulate themselves and the maculations in which they interact. Goffmans interests were more to the ritualized forms of social interaction. There are various travel of interactionism we have the social psychological, social of construction and social ritual wing.The difference in these wings allows one(a) to create bridges between elements of symbolic interactionism and another(prenominal) types of social theory (Brown, 290). The article states that in mold to teach Goffman well, instructors should put emphasis on social rituals, symbols and sacred representations so as to produce ruttish attach ment that enhances solidarity in groups among students. Students will be encouraged to see the difference in strands of symbolic interactionism, dispute theory, classical and contemporary theory.This will result to students capabilities being increased and they will maintain themselves creative synthesis. Students should slam that the facts of symbolic interactionist are just fictions. However, they carry conspicuous effects of social bearing. In macro-sociology, Goffman observes given situation as a reality that is on an equal footing with human preference (Brown, 294). This is unlike other traditional interactionists. Additionally, Goffman uses the concept of frames to show the incomparability of situations in everyday life.These frames include elements of symbolic meaning, social roles, norms and hierarchies of power that represents participants behaviors. Finally, Goffman puts into considerations disruptions, ambiguities, and reparations of social routine as part of everyday life. They are called breaking frames and they cause an embarrassment in life situations. Work cited Brown, David. Goffmans Dramaturgical Sociology Developing a Meaningful Theoretical Context and Exercise Involving doubt and social organization. American Sociological Association, 2003, pp. 288-299